10B
Respiration is the process used by human and animal cells to provide themselves with energy.
Respiration is crucial in cells because it produces ATP, which serves as a chemical energy
storage. Chemical energy is essential, as it keeps the cell alive, and without it, the cells will find
it hard to carry out functions that are needed such as muscle contractions. The food we eat
provides us with energy, which allows a cell to respire effectively. most of the food we eat turns
into glucose during digestion, Glucose is a sugar composed of 6 carbon molecules. During
respiration, this glucose reacts with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water which is
released as energy.
ATP powers the cell, it is useful, because it can release energy very quickly. When the end of a
phosphate is removed, energy is released from the ATP, once it has all been released, it
becomes ADP, meaning it's a low energy molecule.
Glycolysis.
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose, it is a process that takes place in the
cytoplasm, with or without oxygen. Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH,
and water. Glycolysis is important because it oxidizes the glucose molecules. There are 10
enzymes involved in breaking down this glucose (sugars).
In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose which is a 6-carbon compound, is broken down into 2
molecules of pyruvate, which Is a 3-carbon compound in this conversion energy Is released in
the form of ATP and NADH, the pyruvate is further metabolized in different pathways that
produce more energy. Glycolysis takes place in two phases, during phase one, the glucose is
converted into two molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, instead of producing energy, the
first phase uses it.in the second phase, the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into
pyruvate. It is in the second phase energy is produced.
Glucose enters the cytosol, and the first reaction to take place is the conversion of glucose to
glucose 6–phosphate. The catalyst of this reaction is hexokinase, which is a 6-cabon compound
glucose. The hexokinase transfers a molecule of phosphate from ATP to glucose and converts
glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. Here, ATP is converted into ADP. The glucose 6-phosphate is
then isomerizing into fructose 6 phosphate by the enzyme isomerase. in the next step the
fructose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 1 6 bisphosphate this enyme is catalyzed by the
enzyme phospho-fructo kinase, again ATP is converted into ADP as the ATP molecule is utilized
in the reaction. Next the fructose 1 6 bisphosphate is split into two molecules the
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. These both are 3 carbon
compounds and the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called aldolase. As you can see, this
process uses energy in the form of two ATP molecules. in the next reaction that glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate is converted into 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate this involves the addition of a phosphate
group at the first position of the phosphoglycerate the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is the
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. NAD becomes NADH. The 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate is converted to
3 phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase this kinase enzyme transfers the
phosphate group at the first position of phosphoglycerate to adenosine diphosphate and in this
process a molecule of ATP is made. Next the 3 phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-
phosphoglycerate this is a simple rearrangement reaction that happens with the help of the
enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase next the 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to
phosphoenolpyruvate the enzyme involved is in a lace and magnesium ions are also utilized in
, this reaction in the final step of the glycolysis the phosphoenol pyruvate is converted to
pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase the phosphate group at the phosphoenolpyruvate is
transferred to ADP and converted to ATP.
Unlike the first phase, energy is produced in the second phase.t conclude, we have one
molecule of six carbon glucose that splits into two molecules of three carbon compound
pyruvate there is a utilization of only two ATP's since four ATP's are used in the second phase
but two ADP's are also produced in the first phase there is a use of only two ATP's two
molecules of phosphate are utilized.
Link reaction:
The Link reaction takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, A link reaction is is the step that
links the pyruvate made in glycolysis with the acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. During
the Link Reaction we will keep track of how many NADH are produced. In the Link Reaction the
two pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis are moved from the cytosol via carrier proteins
within the mitochondrial membranes into the matrix of the mitochondria Within the matrix
each 3 carbon pyruvate molecule is converted into 2 two-carbon Acetyl-CoA molecules. The
enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase removes a carbon dioxide. This step removes a carbon, making
it now a 2 carbon molecule. The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase reduces NAD+ into NADH +
H+ and coenzyme A (CoA) also binds to the molecule creating Acetyl-CoA. This process creates
two NADH’s putting our net total for the Link Reaction at 2 NADH. These Acetyl-CoA molecules
are able to directly enter the citric acid cycle and complete the link between glycolysis and the
krebs cycle.
Krebs cycle:
the krebs cycle needs oxygen in order to proceed and it takes place in the inner matrix of the
mitochondria which are found inside cells if oxygen is present pyruvate that is formed in the
first step of cellular respiration is taken into the inner membrane and the Krebs cycle begins first
pyruvate molecules left over from glycolysis give off a carbon atom in the form of co2 next the
Krebs cycle uses the newly formed two carbon molecule to combine with a molecule called
coenzyme, this produces a new product that is important to the krebs cycle called acetyl co a
the reactions produce acetyl co a whic acts as a store for an electron in a molecule called NADH
that is used later during cellular respiration the Krebs cycle begins when a four carbon molecule
is combined with Co Co a forming a six carbon molecule called citric acid next during a chain of
reactions two carbons are given off from citric acid in the form of co2 one ATP molecule is
produced and since high-energy electrons are produced during this chain of reactions three
NADH molecules are produced when nad plus takes on an electron it becomes NADH so three
NADH molecules are produced when two electrons are stored in a molecule called F ad during
the Krebs cycle it becomes fadh2 this chain of reactions produces one fadh2 molecule we care
about these stored electrons because they are used during the electron transport chain portion
of cellular respiration which occurs directly after the Krebs cycle the krebs cycle produces a lot
of important molecules when we started the krebs cycle one of the pyruvate molecules that
was produced during glycolysis actually produces two pyruvate molecules so we'll have to
double the products of the Krebs cycle in order to have an accurate estimate of how much
energy cellular respiration can produce from just one glucose molecule the end of the Krebs
Respiration is the process used by human and animal cells to provide themselves with energy.
Respiration is crucial in cells because it produces ATP, which serves as a chemical energy
storage. Chemical energy is essential, as it keeps the cell alive, and without it, the cells will find
it hard to carry out functions that are needed such as muscle contractions. The food we eat
provides us with energy, which allows a cell to respire effectively. most of the food we eat turns
into glucose during digestion, Glucose is a sugar composed of 6 carbon molecules. During
respiration, this glucose reacts with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water which is
released as energy.
ATP powers the cell, it is useful, because it can release energy very quickly. When the end of a
phosphate is removed, energy is released from the ATP, once it has all been released, it
becomes ADP, meaning it's a low energy molecule.
Glycolysis.
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose, it is a process that takes place in the
cytoplasm, with or without oxygen. Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH,
and water. Glycolysis is important because it oxidizes the glucose molecules. There are 10
enzymes involved in breaking down this glucose (sugars).
In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose which is a 6-carbon compound, is broken down into 2
molecules of pyruvate, which Is a 3-carbon compound in this conversion energy Is released in
the form of ATP and NADH, the pyruvate is further metabolized in different pathways that
produce more energy. Glycolysis takes place in two phases, during phase one, the glucose is
converted into two molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, instead of producing energy, the
first phase uses it.in the second phase, the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into
pyruvate. It is in the second phase energy is produced.
Glucose enters the cytosol, and the first reaction to take place is the conversion of glucose to
glucose 6–phosphate. The catalyst of this reaction is hexokinase, which is a 6-cabon compound
glucose. The hexokinase transfers a molecule of phosphate from ATP to glucose and converts
glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. Here, ATP is converted into ADP. The glucose 6-phosphate is
then isomerizing into fructose 6 phosphate by the enzyme isomerase. in the next step the
fructose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 1 6 bisphosphate this enyme is catalyzed by the
enzyme phospho-fructo kinase, again ATP is converted into ADP as the ATP molecule is utilized
in the reaction. Next the fructose 1 6 bisphosphate is split into two molecules the
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. These both are 3 carbon
compounds and the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called aldolase. As you can see, this
process uses energy in the form of two ATP molecules. in the next reaction that glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate is converted into 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate this involves the addition of a phosphate
group at the first position of the phosphoglycerate the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is the
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. NAD becomes NADH. The 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate is converted to
3 phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase this kinase enzyme transfers the
phosphate group at the first position of phosphoglycerate to adenosine diphosphate and in this
process a molecule of ATP is made. Next the 3 phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-
phosphoglycerate this is a simple rearrangement reaction that happens with the help of the
enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase next the 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to
phosphoenolpyruvate the enzyme involved is in a lace and magnesium ions are also utilized in
, this reaction in the final step of the glycolysis the phosphoenol pyruvate is converted to
pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase the phosphate group at the phosphoenolpyruvate is
transferred to ADP and converted to ATP.
Unlike the first phase, energy is produced in the second phase.t conclude, we have one
molecule of six carbon glucose that splits into two molecules of three carbon compound
pyruvate there is a utilization of only two ATP's since four ATP's are used in the second phase
but two ADP's are also produced in the first phase there is a use of only two ATP's two
molecules of phosphate are utilized.
Link reaction:
The Link reaction takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, A link reaction is is the step that
links the pyruvate made in glycolysis with the acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. During
the Link Reaction we will keep track of how many NADH are produced. In the Link Reaction the
two pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis are moved from the cytosol via carrier proteins
within the mitochondrial membranes into the matrix of the mitochondria Within the matrix
each 3 carbon pyruvate molecule is converted into 2 two-carbon Acetyl-CoA molecules. The
enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase removes a carbon dioxide. This step removes a carbon, making
it now a 2 carbon molecule. The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase reduces NAD+ into NADH +
H+ and coenzyme A (CoA) also binds to the molecule creating Acetyl-CoA. This process creates
two NADH’s putting our net total for the Link Reaction at 2 NADH. These Acetyl-CoA molecules
are able to directly enter the citric acid cycle and complete the link between glycolysis and the
krebs cycle.
Krebs cycle:
the krebs cycle needs oxygen in order to proceed and it takes place in the inner matrix of the
mitochondria which are found inside cells if oxygen is present pyruvate that is formed in the
first step of cellular respiration is taken into the inner membrane and the Krebs cycle begins first
pyruvate molecules left over from glycolysis give off a carbon atom in the form of co2 next the
Krebs cycle uses the newly formed two carbon molecule to combine with a molecule called
coenzyme, this produces a new product that is important to the krebs cycle called acetyl co a
the reactions produce acetyl co a whic acts as a store for an electron in a molecule called NADH
that is used later during cellular respiration the Krebs cycle begins when a four carbon molecule
is combined with Co Co a forming a six carbon molecule called citric acid next during a chain of
reactions two carbons are given off from citric acid in the form of co2 one ATP molecule is
produced and since high-energy electrons are produced during this chain of reactions three
NADH molecules are produced when nad plus takes on an electron it becomes NADH so three
NADH molecules are produced when two electrons are stored in a molecule called F ad during
the Krebs cycle it becomes fadh2 this chain of reactions produces one fadh2 molecule we care
about these stored electrons because they are used during the electron transport chain portion
of cellular respiration which occurs directly after the Krebs cycle the krebs cycle produces a lot
of important molecules when we started the krebs cycle one of the pyruvate molecules that
was produced during glycolysis actually produces two pyruvate molecules so we'll have to
double the products of the Krebs cycle in order to have an accurate estimate of how much
energy cellular respiration can produce from just one glucose molecule the end of the Krebs
