NUR2349 Final Exam Review
• Pt that transfers form one floor to another floor
o If they tell you hey I got pain, vitals support it, you need to assess them. Even
before talking to doctor you should check the orders because maybe they have an
order for something to take
• Know Potassium levels, Calcium Levels
o Calcium levels should be 8.6-10.2 mg/dl
▪ Low is hypocalcemia
▪ High is hypercalcemia
o Potassium levels are 3.5-5.0
▪ Low is hypokalemia
▪ High is hyperkalemia
• S/S malignant hypothermia
o Is an inherited muscle disorder due to a complication from certain drugs or
anesthesia
o S/S
▪ Caused by increased muscle calcium and increased metabolism
▪ Include tachycardia, dysrhythmias, muscle rigidity of the jaw and upper
chest, hypotension, tachypnea, skin mottling, cyanosis, and myoglobinuria
(muscle proteins in the urine).
▪ The most sensitive indication is an unexpected rise in the end-tidal carbon
dioxide level with a decrease in oxygen saturation and tachycardia
• Imagery use with your patient, why and what it is
o It is the use of words to guide the imagination in positive wats
o It is used for distraction of patients
• Conversion question—F to C
o F to C: (X-32) * 0.5556=C
o C to F: (C x 1.8) + 32=F
• Why do we put hats on babies?
o Don’t want the heat to go away, maintain body temperature, most of the heat is
coming from the baby’s head
• Hypothermia—different ways it can happen
o Little skinny baby at risk because of not a lot of insulation
o Newborn want to be fatter so it can help with insulation
• Having bad abdominal pain, ask about something they like, like family
o Severe pain you can talk to them but they won’t hear you, lack of inability to
focus with so much pain
o Select the right time to talk to them so they can concentrate
• Different types of pain and the causes
o Intractable
▪ Is unrelating or severe constant pain that is hard to control
, o Neuropathic
▪ Unknown cause
▪ Used to refer to pain that is believed to be sustained by a set of
mechanisms drive by damage to or dysfunction of the PNS and/or he CNS
▪ Example: Burning hand pull hand away from the stove)
o Chronic
▪ Unknown cause
▪ Result of faulty process
▪ After 6 months
o Nociceptive
▪ The result of actual or potential tissue damage or inflammation and is
often categorized as being somatic or visceral. Somatic pain arises from
the skin and musculoskeletal structures, and visceral pain arises from
organs.
▪ Examples include pain-associated trauma, surgery, burns, and tumor
growth.
o Visceral
▪ Pain that arise from organs
▪ It a type of nociceptive pain, which means that is caused by medical
conditions that produce inflammation, pressure, or an injury.
• Opioids
o Opioids produce their effects by interacting with opioid receptor sites located
throughout the body, including in the peripheral tissues, the GI system, and the
spinal cord and brain. When an opioid binds to the opioid receptor sites, it
produces analgesia and unwanted effects such as constipation, nausea, sedation,
and respiratory depression
o Constipation SE
o Pt education to avoid
▪ Dietary changes
• Exercise increasing fiber in diet, increase fluids use stool softeners
if necessary last resort
• Taking vitals
o Off VS reading, do it again, and then ask them about it, did they do something to
cause it to be elevated?
• Different type of therapy
o Mind-body types
▪ Ex: Meditation, Acupuncture, Relaxation, Massage, Music, Pet therapy,
Guided imagery, Prayer
• Proper interventions with pt who has fever
o Antipyretics
o Analgesics
o Hydration
• Pt that transfers form one floor to another floor
o If they tell you hey I got pain, vitals support it, you need to assess them. Even
before talking to doctor you should check the orders because maybe they have an
order for something to take
• Know Potassium levels, Calcium Levels
o Calcium levels should be 8.6-10.2 mg/dl
▪ Low is hypocalcemia
▪ High is hypercalcemia
o Potassium levels are 3.5-5.0
▪ Low is hypokalemia
▪ High is hyperkalemia
• S/S malignant hypothermia
o Is an inherited muscle disorder due to a complication from certain drugs or
anesthesia
o S/S
▪ Caused by increased muscle calcium and increased metabolism
▪ Include tachycardia, dysrhythmias, muscle rigidity of the jaw and upper
chest, hypotension, tachypnea, skin mottling, cyanosis, and myoglobinuria
(muscle proteins in the urine).
▪ The most sensitive indication is an unexpected rise in the end-tidal carbon
dioxide level with a decrease in oxygen saturation and tachycardia
• Imagery use with your patient, why and what it is
o It is the use of words to guide the imagination in positive wats
o It is used for distraction of patients
• Conversion question—F to C
o F to C: (X-32) * 0.5556=C
o C to F: (C x 1.8) + 32=F
• Why do we put hats on babies?
o Don’t want the heat to go away, maintain body temperature, most of the heat is
coming from the baby’s head
• Hypothermia—different ways it can happen
o Little skinny baby at risk because of not a lot of insulation
o Newborn want to be fatter so it can help with insulation
• Having bad abdominal pain, ask about something they like, like family
o Severe pain you can talk to them but they won’t hear you, lack of inability to
focus with so much pain
o Select the right time to talk to them so they can concentrate
• Different types of pain and the causes
o Intractable
▪ Is unrelating or severe constant pain that is hard to control
, o Neuropathic
▪ Unknown cause
▪ Used to refer to pain that is believed to be sustained by a set of
mechanisms drive by damage to or dysfunction of the PNS and/or he CNS
▪ Example: Burning hand pull hand away from the stove)
o Chronic
▪ Unknown cause
▪ Result of faulty process
▪ After 6 months
o Nociceptive
▪ The result of actual or potential tissue damage or inflammation and is
often categorized as being somatic or visceral. Somatic pain arises from
the skin and musculoskeletal structures, and visceral pain arises from
organs.
▪ Examples include pain-associated trauma, surgery, burns, and tumor
growth.
o Visceral
▪ Pain that arise from organs
▪ It a type of nociceptive pain, which means that is caused by medical
conditions that produce inflammation, pressure, or an injury.
• Opioids
o Opioids produce their effects by interacting with opioid receptor sites located
throughout the body, including in the peripheral tissues, the GI system, and the
spinal cord and brain. When an opioid binds to the opioid receptor sites, it
produces analgesia and unwanted effects such as constipation, nausea, sedation,
and respiratory depression
o Constipation SE
o Pt education to avoid
▪ Dietary changes
• Exercise increasing fiber in diet, increase fluids use stool softeners
if necessary last resort
• Taking vitals
o Off VS reading, do it again, and then ask them about it, did they do something to
cause it to be elevated?
• Different type of therapy
o Mind-body types
▪ Ex: Meditation, Acupuncture, Relaxation, Massage, Music, Pet therapy,
Guided imagery, Prayer
• Proper interventions with pt who has fever
o Antipyretics
o Analgesics
o Hydration
