Lectures
ANIMAL
ADAPTATION
PHYSIOLOGY
Lamker, Patricia
NWI- BB020C
Radboud University, 2022
,Table of Content
1. Lecture – Adaptation and Evolution ................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Introduction to the course ............................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Adaptation and the theory of evolution ....................................................................................... 5
HMS Beagle’s five-year voyage: 1831-1836 ................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 The Galápagos Islands: Darwin’s observations (1)................................................................. 8
1.2.2 The Galápagos Islands: Darwin’s observations (2)................................................................. 9
1.2.3 The Galápagos Islands: Darwin’s observations (3)................................................................. 9
1.2.4 The Galápagos Islands: Darwin’s observations (4)................................................................. 9
1.3 Darwin’s conclusions..................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 Population growth is balanced/limited ............................................................................... 10
1.3.2 Common descent with modification.................................................................................... 10
1.3.3 Darwin’s theory of evolution ............................................................................................... 10
1.4 Evolution by natural selection .................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1 Concepts: ............................................................................................................................. 12
1.4.2 Survival of the fittest: Darwin’s focus on adaptation .......................................................... 13
1.4.3 Descent with modification ................................................................................................... 13
1.4.4 Things to think about: .......................................................................................................... 14
1.5 Darwin’s ‘theory’ in a nutshell .................................................................................................... 14
2. Lecture – Adaptation and Energy Metabolism ................................................................................. 15
2.1 Take Home Messages ................................................................................................................. 15
2.2 Homeostasis ................................................................................................................................ 15
2.2.1 Energy Homeostasis ............................................................................................................. 15
2.2.2 Homeostasis of Body Mass .................................................................................................. 15
2.3 Energy Balance: General Principles............................................................................................. 16
2.3.1 The “animal energy equation” ............................................................................................. 16
2.3.2 Energy in- and output .......................................................................................................... 17
2.4 How to measure metabolic rate in a long-term growth: ............................................................ 17
2.5 The relation between resting metabolic rate and ambient temperature in homeotherms (Basal
Metabolic Rate)................................................................................................................................. 18
2.6 The relation between resting metabolic rate and ambient temperature in poikilotherms
(Standard Metabolic Rate) ................................................................................................................ 18
2.7 Temperature, Body Weight, and Successful Adaption ............................................................... 19
2.7.1 Ecogeographical rules and the pervasive effects of temperature ....................................... 19
2.7.2 Bergmann’s rule also in ectothermic sp............................................................................... 19
2.7.3 Whole-body BMR (M) as a function of body mass in various species ................................. 20
2.7.4 Weight-specific Resting Metabolic Rate (M / W) as a function of boy weight .................... 20
1
, 2.7.5 Metabolic rate and body weight are related linearly on log-log coordinates ..................... 21
2.7.6 Weight and energy consumption: it is way more expensive to maintain a gram of
hummingbird than a gram of a swam! ......................................................................................... 21
2.8 Population biomass scales with body size .................................................................................. 24
2.9 When resources become limited ................................................................................................ 24
2.9.1 Metabolic depression/ suppression..................................................................................... 24
2.10 Four reasons to go into torpor.................................................................................................. 29
2.11 Things to think about ................................................................................................................ 29
2.11.1 Disadvantages of Torpor in Hummingbirds ....................................................................... 29
3. Lecture – Ectotherms and Temperature ........................................................................................... 30
3.1 Take home messages .................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Physiological responses to change in body temperature ........................................................... 30
3.2.1 Four categories of thermal relations ................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Ectotherms/ Poikilotherms must be able to function over a range of body temperatures 30
Chronic response: acclimation of the metabolism – temperature relation to two different chronic
temperatures................................................................................................................................. 31
3.4 Ecophysiology of Antarctic Fishes ............................................................................................... 37
3.4.1 Antarctica: Evolution in Action ............................................................................................ 37
3.4.2 Icefish Adaptive Radiation ................................................................................................... 38
3.4.3 Life without haemoglobin .................................................................................................... 43
3.4.4 Evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins .................................................................................. 44
3.4.5 Summary of evolution of icefish .......................................................................................... 46
4. Lecture .............................................................................................................................................. 47
4.1 The Jigsaw Assignment – Atlantic Salmon .................................................................................. 47
4.2 Stress physiology ......................................................................................................................... 47
4.2.1 Homeostasis ......................................................................................................................... 47
.......................................................................................................................................................... 51
4.3 Take home message.................................................................................................................... 51
1. Guest Lecture by Dr. J. M. Mancera.................................................................................................. 52
1.1 A Small Introduction ................................................................................................................... 52
1.2 Fish Osmoregulation: General Introduction ............................................................................... 54
1.2.1 Chloride Cells in Gills: ........................................................................................................... 55
1.2.2 Adaptation to different environmental salinities: ............................................................... 56
1.2.3 KIDNEY.................................................................................................................................. 57
1.2.3 Summary/ Repetition of....................................................................................................... 57
1.3 Osmoregulatory Responses .................................................................................................... 58
1.3.1 Repetition............................................................................................................................. 58
2
, 1.3.2. Endocrine Control ............................................................................................................... 58
1.3.3 Stress .................................................................................................................................... 60
1.3.3 Cortisol ................................................................................................................................. 61
1.4 Gilthead Seabream...................................................................................................................... 62
1.5 What do we know about osmoregulatory system of Solea senegalensis?................................. 65
1.6 Salmonids: A nice history ............................................................................................................ 67
2. Guest Lecture by Dr. Catherine Lorin-Nebel ..................................................................................... 71
2.1 Growth and Moulting in crustaceans.......................................................................................... 71
2.1.1 Growth Patterns................................................................................................................... 71
2.1.2 Age determination in crustaceans ....................................................................................... 71
2.1.3 Components of growth (Increment %, intermoult period) and growth curves................... 73
2.1.4 Factors influencing growth .................................................................................................. 76
2.1.5 Hormonal control of growth ................................................................................................ 78
2.2 Moulting (ecdysis) in crustaceans ............................................................................................... 79
2.2.1 The cuticle ............................................................................................................................ 79
2.2.2 Hormonal control of moulting ............................................................................................. 84
2.2.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 85
2.3 Osmoregulation in Crustaceans .................................................................................................. 86
2.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 86
2.3.2 Hydro-mineral regulation..................................................................................................... 88
3
ANIMAL
ADAPTATION
PHYSIOLOGY
Lamker, Patricia
NWI- BB020C
Radboud University, 2022
,Table of Content
1. Lecture – Adaptation and Evolution ................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Introduction to the course ............................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Adaptation and the theory of evolution ....................................................................................... 5
HMS Beagle’s five-year voyage: 1831-1836 ................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 The Galápagos Islands: Darwin’s observations (1)................................................................. 8
1.2.2 The Galápagos Islands: Darwin’s observations (2)................................................................. 9
1.2.3 The Galápagos Islands: Darwin’s observations (3)................................................................. 9
1.2.4 The Galápagos Islands: Darwin’s observations (4)................................................................. 9
1.3 Darwin’s conclusions..................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 Population growth is balanced/limited ............................................................................... 10
1.3.2 Common descent with modification.................................................................................... 10
1.3.3 Darwin’s theory of evolution ............................................................................................... 10
1.4 Evolution by natural selection .................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1 Concepts: ............................................................................................................................. 12
1.4.2 Survival of the fittest: Darwin’s focus on adaptation .......................................................... 13
1.4.3 Descent with modification ................................................................................................... 13
1.4.4 Things to think about: .......................................................................................................... 14
1.5 Darwin’s ‘theory’ in a nutshell .................................................................................................... 14
2. Lecture – Adaptation and Energy Metabolism ................................................................................. 15
2.1 Take Home Messages ................................................................................................................. 15
2.2 Homeostasis ................................................................................................................................ 15
2.2.1 Energy Homeostasis ............................................................................................................. 15
2.2.2 Homeostasis of Body Mass .................................................................................................. 15
2.3 Energy Balance: General Principles............................................................................................. 16
2.3.1 The “animal energy equation” ............................................................................................. 16
2.3.2 Energy in- and output .......................................................................................................... 17
2.4 How to measure metabolic rate in a long-term growth: ............................................................ 17
2.5 The relation between resting metabolic rate and ambient temperature in homeotherms (Basal
Metabolic Rate)................................................................................................................................. 18
2.6 The relation between resting metabolic rate and ambient temperature in poikilotherms
(Standard Metabolic Rate) ................................................................................................................ 18
2.7 Temperature, Body Weight, and Successful Adaption ............................................................... 19
2.7.1 Ecogeographical rules and the pervasive effects of temperature ....................................... 19
2.7.2 Bergmann’s rule also in ectothermic sp............................................................................... 19
2.7.3 Whole-body BMR (M) as a function of body mass in various species ................................. 20
2.7.4 Weight-specific Resting Metabolic Rate (M / W) as a function of boy weight .................... 20
1
, 2.7.5 Metabolic rate and body weight are related linearly on log-log coordinates ..................... 21
2.7.6 Weight and energy consumption: it is way more expensive to maintain a gram of
hummingbird than a gram of a swam! ......................................................................................... 21
2.8 Population biomass scales with body size .................................................................................. 24
2.9 When resources become limited ................................................................................................ 24
2.9.1 Metabolic depression/ suppression..................................................................................... 24
2.10 Four reasons to go into torpor.................................................................................................. 29
2.11 Things to think about ................................................................................................................ 29
2.11.1 Disadvantages of Torpor in Hummingbirds ....................................................................... 29
3. Lecture – Ectotherms and Temperature ........................................................................................... 30
3.1 Take home messages .................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Physiological responses to change in body temperature ........................................................... 30
3.2.1 Four categories of thermal relations ................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Ectotherms/ Poikilotherms must be able to function over a range of body temperatures 30
Chronic response: acclimation of the metabolism – temperature relation to two different chronic
temperatures................................................................................................................................. 31
3.4 Ecophysiology of Antarctic Fishes ............................................................................................... 37
3.4.1 Antarctica: Evolution in Action ............................................................................................ 37
3.4.2 Icefish Adaptive Radiation ................................................................................................... 38
3.4.3 Life without haemoglobin .................................................................................................... 43
3.4.4 Evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins .................................................................................. 44
3.4.5 Summary of evolution of icefish .......................................................................................... 46
4. Lecture .............................................................................................................................................. 47
4.1 The Jigsaw Assignment – Atlantic Salmon .................................................................................. 47
4.2 Stress physiology ......................................................................................................................... 47
4.2.1 Homeostasis ......................................................................................................................... 47
.......................................................................................................................................................... 51
4.3 Take home message.................................................................................................................... 51
1. Guest Lecture by Dr. J. M. Mancera.................................................................................................. 52
1.1 A Small Introduction ................................................................................................................... 52
1.2 Fish Osmoregulation: General Introduction ............................................................................... 54
1.2.1 Chloride Cells in Gills: ........................................................................................................... 55
1.2.2 Adaptation to different environmental salinities: ............................................................... 56
1.2.3 KIDNEY.................................................................................................................................. 57
1.2.3 Summary/ Repetition of....................................................................................................... 57
1.3 Osmoregulatory Responses .................................................................................................... 58
1.3.1 Repetition............................................................................................................................. 58
2
, 1.3.2. Endocrine Control ............................................................................................................... 58
1.3.3 Stress .................................................................................................................................... 60
1.3.3 Cortisol ................................................................................................................................. 61
1.4 Gilthead Seabream...................................................................................................................... 62
1.5 What do we know about osmoregulatory system of Solea senegalensis?................................. 65
1.6 Salmonids: A nice history ............................................................................................................ 67
2. Guest Lecture by Dr. Catherine Lorin-Nebel ..................................................................................... 71
2.1 Growth and Moulting in crustaceans.......................................................................................... 71
2.1.1 Growth Patterns................................................................................................................... 71
2.1.2 Age determination in crustaceans ....................................................................................... 71
2.1.3 Components of growth (Increment %, intermoult period) and growth curves................... 73
2.1.4 Factors influencing growth .................................................................................................. 76
2.1.5 Hormonal control of growth ................................................................................................ 78
2.2 Moulting (ecdysis) in crustaceans ............................................................................................... 79
2.2.1 The cuticle ............................................................................................................................ 79
2.2.2 Hormonal control of moulting ............................................................................................. 84
2.2.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 85
2.3 Osmoregulation in Crustaceans .................................................................................................. 86
2.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 86
2.3.2 Hydro-mineral regulation..................................................................................................... 88
3
