Written
by
Mekkie
Kay
TOPIC 7: GENETICS, POPULATIONS,
EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEMS
A booklet that contains content in the form of questions from real exam papers!
,Contents (you can use this as a checklist)
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
□ Monomers and polymers
□ Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
1.2 CARBOHYDRATES
□ Monosaccharides and disaccharides
□ Isomers of glucose
□ Polysaccharides
□ Biochemical tests
1.3 LIPIDS
□ Triglycerides
□ Phospholipids
□ Saturated & unsaturated fatty acids
□ Emulsion test for lipids
1.4.1 PROTEINS: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS
□ Amino acids, dipeptides and polypeptides
□ Structural levels of proteins and the role of bonds
□ Biuret test for proteins
1.4.2 PROTEINS: MANY PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES
□ Introduction to enzymes
Factors affecting rate of enzyme-controlled reactions .
1.5.1 NUCLEIC ACIDS: STRUCTURE OF DNA & RNA
□ Function of DNA & RNA
□ Structure of DNA & RNA nucleotides and polymers.
1.5.2 NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA REPLICATION .
□ Process of DNA replication
□ Evidence for semi-conservative replication (Meselson and Stahl)
1.6 ATP
□ The structure of adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) ATP/ADP hydrolysis and condensation
□ The properties of ATP make it a suitable immediate source of energy
1.7 WATER
, □ How hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules
□ Properties of water that are important in biology
1.8 INORGANIC IONS
- Genotype: genetic constitution of an organism
- e.g. BB, Bb, bb (eye colour)
- Phenotype: the expression of this genetic constitution and its interaction with the
environment
- E.g. brown eyes
- Explains why genetically identical twins may have diverging phenotypes, especially as get older
and are exposed to more environmental stimuli
ALLELES
- Allele: different version of a gene (sequence of bases different)
- In a diploid organism, the alleles at a specific locus may be either…
- Homozygous
- Both alleles at a specific locus on each homologous chromosome are the same e.g. BB or bb -
Heterozygous
- Both alleles at a specific locus on each homologous chromosome are different e.g. Bb
- Alleles may be…
- Dominant
- In heterozygous state, it’s the allele that is expressed in the phenotype
- Recessive
- In heterozygous state, it’s the allele that isn’t expressed in the phenotype. Only
expressed if homozygous recessive
- Codominant
by
Mekkie
Kay
TOPIC 7: GENETICS, POPULATIONS,
EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEMS
A booklet that contains content in the form of questions from real exam papers!
,Contents (you can use this as a checklist)
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
□ Monomers and polymers
□ Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
1.2 CARBOHYDRATES
□ Monosaccharides and disaccharides
□ Isomers of glucose
□ Polysaccharides
□ Biochemical tests
1.3 LIPIDS
□ Triglycerides
□ Phospholipids
□ Saturated & unsaturated fatty acids
□ Emulsion test for lipids
1.4.1 PROTEINS: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS
□ Amino acids, dipeptides and polypeptides
□ Structural levels of proteins and the role of bonds
□ Biuret test for proteins
1.4.2 PROTEINS: MANY PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES
□ Introduction to enzymes
Factors affecting rate of enzyme-controlled reactions .
1.5.1 NUCLEIC ACIDS: STRUCTURE OF DNA & RNA
□ Function of DNA & RNA
□ Structure of DNA & RNA nucleotides and polymers.
1.5.2 NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA REPLICATION .
□ Process of DNA replication
□ Evidence for semi-conservative replication (Meselson and Stahl)
1.6 ATP
□ The structure of adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) ATP/ADP hydrolysis and condensation
□ The properties of ATP make it a suitable immediate source of energy
1.7 WATER
, □ How hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules
□ Properties of water that are important in biology
1.8 INORGANIC IONS
- Genotype: genetic constitution of an organism
- e.g. BB, Bb, bb (eye colour)
- Phenotype: the expression of this genetic constitution and its interaction with the
environment
- E.g. brown eyes
- Explains why genetically identical twins may have diverging phenotypes, especially as get older
and are exposed to more environmental stimuli
ALLELES
- Allele: different version of a gene (sequence of bases different)
- In a diploid organism, the alleles at a specific locus may be either…
- Homozygous
- Both alleles at a specific locus on each homologous chromosome are the same e.g. BB or bb -
Heterozygous
- Both alleles at a specific locus on each homologous chromosome are different e.g. Bb
- Alleles may be…
- Dominant
- In heterozygous state, it’s the allele that is expressed in the phenotype
- Recessive
- In heterozygous state, it’s the allele that isn’t expressed in the phenotype. Only
expressed if homozygous recessive
- Codominant
