Exam 2 Study Guide Spring 2021
Exam 2 will cover the following topics: memory, learning, development, intelligence and
personality. As a reminder, 90% of the test will cover lecture material (i.e. Tophat slides). The
other 10% come from material not explicitly discussed in lecture (but from the reading). The test
will open notes. The test is a timed test. Thus, students will likely not have enough time to refer
to their notes for each question. Please plan accordingly.
Addiction and Substance abuse
Which structures are part of the reward system in the brain?
What are the key symptoms of substance abuse disorder?
Memory
Three Stage Processing Model
Define memory learning that persists over time; it is information that has been acquired
and stores and can be retrieved.
Describe the key memory deficits Clive Wearing experienced? What did researchers learn about
memory from this case? Anterograde amnesia meaning he can’t create new memories and
retrograde amnesia meaning he has lot many of his memories.
Know the three-stage processing model of memory (Atkinson and Shriffin) encoding, storage,
and retrieval
What is meant by encoding, storage and retrieval? Encoding- getting information into the
brain Storage- retain that information Retrieval- getting the information back out
Know the two types of sensory memory (duration) short term stores information for
approximately 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal and long term can store information for
weeks, months or even years.
According to the three-stage processing model, how does information get into short-term
memory? Information enters through the sensory system, briefly registering in sensory
memory. Selective attention filters the information into short-term memory, where it is held
while attention (rehearsal) continues.
Know duration and capacity of short-term (working) memory. Recall, digit span test. 20-30
seconds
According to the three-stage processing model, how does information get into long-term
memory? If the information that is stored in the short-term memory, receives enough
rehearsal (maintenance or elaborative,) it will enter and be stored in long-term memory
This study source was downloaded by 100000831480169 from CourseHero.com on 02-28-2022 17:48:40 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/131603536/Psych-1010-Exam-2-Study-Guide-Spring-2021docx/
, Know duration and capacity of long-term memory can last for a matter of days to as long as
decades and capacity is a lifetime depending on the rehearsal of the memory
Know that recognition, recall and relearning are used to measure memory Recognition-
identifying items previously learned Recall- retrieving information that is not currently in
your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time Relearning- learning
something more quickly when it is learned a second or later time
Summarize findings from the Ebbinghaus memory curve. Describes the decrease in ability to
retain information and memories over time
Know types of long-term memories: explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative)
Know types of explicit memories (semantic and episodic), involves effortful processing, frontal
lobes and hippocampus
Know types of implicit memories (procedural and classically conditioned), involves automatic
processing, cerebellum and basal ganglia
Know long-term memories may be organized in semantic networks
Know three types of effortful processing strategies: chunking, mnemonic devices and hierarchies
Chunking- organizing items into familiar manageable units Mnemonics- the study and
development of systems for improving and assisting the memory Hierarchies- more
important memories are stored ‘at the top of the triangle’ while the other memories are on
the base
Know that effortful processing (distributed practice i.e., spacing and testing) improves memory
Know that memory is improved with deeper (semantic processing) as compared to shallow
processing
Type of long-term memory (flashbulb) involves processing in the amygdala
Long-term potential changes at the biochemical level, synapse (communication between
neurons) that occurs with memory formation
Retrieval of memories is influenced by retrieval cues, context and state
Know reasons for why we forget (lack of encoding, storage decay, proactive and retroactive
interference
Know difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia Retrograde- loss of memory-
access to events that occurred or information that was learned in the past. Anterograde-
loss of ability to create new memories
Know risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease
Explain how sleep, exercise and diet impact memory
False memories
This study source was downloaded by 100000831480169 from CourseHero.com on 02-28-2022 17:48:40 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/131603536/Psych-1010-Exam-2-Study-Guide-Spring-2021docx/
Exam 2 will cover the following topics: memory, learning, development, intelligence and
personality. As a reminder, 90% of the test will cover lecture material (i.e. Tophat slides). The
other 10% come from material not explicitly discussed in lecture (but from the reading). The test
will open notes. The test is a timed test. Thus, students will likely not have enough time to refer
to their notes for each question. Please plan accordingly.
Addiction and Substance abuse
Which structures are part of the reward system in the brain?
What are the key symptoms of substance abuse disorder?
Memory
Three Stage Processing Model
Define memory learning that persists over time; it is information that has been acquired
and stores and can be retrieved.
Describe the key memory deficits Clive Wearing experienced? What did researchers learn about
memory from this case? Anterograde amnesia meaning he can’t create new memories and
retrograde amnesia meaning he has lot many of his memories.
Know the three-stage processing model of memory (Atkinson and Shriffin) encoding, storage,
and retrieval
What is meant by encoding, storage and retrieval? Encoding- getting information into the
brain Storage- retain that information Retrieval- getting the information back out
Know the two types of sensory memory (duration) short term stores information for
approximately 20 to 30 seconds without rehearsal and long term can store information for
weeks, months or even years.
According to the three-stage processing model, how does information get into short-term
memory? Information enters through the sensory system, briefly registering in sensory
memory. Selective attention filters the information into short-term memory, where it is held
while attention (rehearsal) continues.
Know duration and capacity of short-term (working) memory. Recall, digit span test. 20-30
seconds
According to the three-stage processing model, how does information get into long-term
memory? If the information that is stored in the short-term memory, receives enough
rehearsal (maintenance or elaborative,) it will enter and be stored in long-term memory
This study source was downloaded by 100000831480169 from CourseHero.com on 02-28-2022 17:48:40 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/131603536/Psych-1010-Exam-2-Study-Guide-Spring-2021docx/
, Know duration and capacity of long-term memory can last for a matter of days to as long as
decades and capacity is a lifetime depending on the rehearsal of the memory
Know that recognition, recall and relearning are used to measure memory Recognition-
identifying items previously learned Recall- retrieving information that is not currently in
your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time Relearning- learning
something more quickly when it is learned a second or later time
Summarize findings from the Ebbinghaus memory curve. Describes the decrease in ability to
retain information and memories over time
Know types of long-term memories: explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative)
Know types of explicit memories (semantic and episodic), involves effortful processing, frontal
lobes and hippocampus
Know types of implicit memories (procedural and classically conditioned), involves automatic
processing, cerebellum and basal ganglia
Know long-term memories may be organized in semantic networks
Know three types of effortful processing strategies: chunking, mnemonic devices and hierarchies
Chunking- organizing items into familiar manageable units Mnemonics- the study and
development of systems for improving and assisting the memory Hierarchies- more
important memories are stored ‘at the top of the triangle’ while the other memories are on
the base
Know that effortful processing (distributed practice i.e., spacing and testing) improves memory
Know that memory is improved with deeper (semantic processing) as compared to shallow
processing
Type of long-term memory (flashbulb) involves processing in the amygdala
Long-term potential changes at the biochemical level, synapse (communication between
neurons) that occurs with memory formation
Retrieval of memories is influenced by retrieval cues, context and state
Know reasons for why we forget (lack of encoding, storage decay, proactive and retroactive
interference
Know difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia Retrograde- loss of memory-
access to events that occurred or information that was learned in the past. Anterograde-
loss of ability to create new memories
Know risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease
Explain how sleep, exercise and diet impact memory
False memories
This study source was downloaded by 100000831480169 from CourseHero.com on 02-28-2022 17:48:40 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/131603536/Psych-1010-Exam-2-Study-Guide-Spring-2021docx/
