MED 2059 Exam # 1
Topics to Review
1. Discuss the developmental milestone during infancy, toddler, preschool, and school age
Infancy: 2 days to 1 year
Oral stage (Freud): sucking brings comfort and relief from tension
4 to 6 weeks: stops crying when held
2 months: lifts and turns head
3 months: Reaches for and tries to grasp objects/lift head & shoulders while being prone
Grasp reflex disappears around 3 months of age
Posterior fontanel (2 to 3 months) of age (if still open past 3 months possible hydrocephalus> Measure
head circumferences
4 months: lifting head and shoulders >they roll side to side/back to side (supine to lateral)
Prehension occurs around 5 to 6 months of age and follows an orderly sequence of development
5 months: recognizes peoples; holds own bottle; splashes in water
6 months: rolls over (supine to prone); sits alone; plays peek-a-boo, cooing; gurgling stage; weight
doubles, holds bottle, solid foods introduced, lack of visual coordination resolves, teething toy is
appropriate (bottom teeth comes out first)
9 months: crawls; knows own name; understands “no”
10 months: some walk with help, can change from a laying down to aa sitting position>solitary play,
object permanence, can bear weight on legs
12 months: most walk alone
Toddler: 1 to 3 years
Anterior fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months of age
Birth weight triples
Parallel play
Erikson > Autonomy vs. Shame
Freud > Anal stage
Best toy > push and pull toys (12 months)
Most children can walk alone by 12 months of age
Always say no > give them options
Separation anxiety (intense emotion)
Rate of brain growth slows
Body proportions change: head and trunk grow more slowly
Musculoskeletal system grows and bones begin to ossify
Protuberant abdomen flattens when muscle fibers increase in size and strength
Myelination of the spinal cord is nearly complete by 2 years
Bowel and bladder control usually complete by 2.5 to 3 years of age
Preschool (3 to 6 years)
Super Ego emerges
Doubles the 1-year old weight by 5 years of age
Erikson > Initiative vs. Guilt
Associative play (Role Playing): *if they play alone, they like to build things*
If they get sick, they think they did something wrong
Between 3 and 6 years of age, grows taller and loses chubbiness from toddler age
, All 20 primary teeth have rupture
Has good control of muscles
Hand preference develops by 3 years of age
More adept at using old skills as each year passes
School age (6 to 12 years)
Slows until just before puberty
Erikson > Industry vs. Inferiority
Piaget > Concrete operations
Play > competitive (ex. Board games, collecting stamps)
Weight gain is more rapid than increase in height
Brain has reached approximately adult size
Muscular coordination improved
Lower center of gravity
*size is not correlated with emotional maturity*
o Problems can occur when a child faces higher expectations because he or she is taller and
heavier than peers
2. Explain the different newborn reflexes.
Moro (startle reflex): usually occurs when the baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. They will abduct
then extend the arms with the fingers widely open and the thumb and index finger form a “C” shape. The
lower extremities might also extend and abduct toward the abdomen.
Present at birth and is absent by 6 months of age if neurological maturation is not delayed.
Rooting reflex: Stroking of the cheek elicits the newborn to turn their head toward the side that is touched
Usually disappears after 3 to 4 months but can persist up to 1 year
Sucking reflex: The finger being put into the mouth of the newborns elicits the newborn to begin sucking
Birth to 4 months –can persist up to 1 year
Palmar Grasp: Elicited from placing your finger in the palm of the newborn and the newborn responds by
curling the finger around the examiner’s fingers
, Lessens by 3 months
Plantar grasp: Elicited by placing the examiner’s fingers at the base of the foot. Th newborn responds by
curling the toes downward.
From birth to 8 months
Tonic neck reflex (fencing position): When the newborn’s head is turned to one side, the arm and leg on that
same side extends and the opposing arm and leg flex.
From birth to 3 to 4 months
Topics to Review
1. Discuss the developmental milestone during infancy, toddler, preschool, and school age
Infancy: 2 days to 1 year
Oral stage (Freud): sucking brings comfort and relief from tension
4 to 6 weeks: stops crying when held
2 months: lifts and turns head
3 months: Reaches for and tries to grasp objects/lift head & shoulders while being prone
Grasp reflex disappears around 3 months of age
Posterior fontanel (2 to 3 months) of age (if still open past 3 months possible hydrocephalus> Measure
head circumferences
4 months: lifting head and shoulders >they roll side to side/back to side (supine to lateral)
Prehension occurs around 5 to 6 months of age and follows an orderly sequence of development
5 months: recognizes peoples; holds own bottle; splashes in water
6 months: rolls over (supine to prone); sits alone; plays peek-a-boo, cooing; gurgling stage; weight
doubles, holds bottle, solid foods introduced, lack of visual coordination resolves, teething toy is
appropriate (bottom teeth comes out first)
9 months: crawls; knows own name; understands “no”
10 months: some walk with help, can change from a laying down to aa sitting position>solitary play,
object permanence, can bear weight on legs
12 months: most walk alone
Toddler: 1 to 3 years
Anterior fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months of age
Birth weight triples
Parallel play
Erikson > Autonomy vs. Shame
Freud > Anal stage
Best toy > push and pull toys (12 months)
Most children can walk alone by 12 months of age
Always say no > give them options
Separation anxiety (intense emotion)
Rate of brain growth slows
Body proportions change: head and trunk grow more slowly
Musculoskeletal system grows and bones begin to ossify
Protuberant abdomen flattens when muscle fibers increase in size and strength
Myelination of the spinal cord is nearly complete by 2 years
Bowel and bladder control usually complete by 2.5 to 3 years of age
Preschool (3 to 6 years)
Super Ego emerges
Doubles the 1-year old weight by 5 years of age
Erikson > Initiative vs. Guilt
Associative play (Role Playing): *if they play alone, they like to build things*
If they get sick, they think they did something wrong
Between 3 and 6 years of age, grows taller and loses chubbiness from toddler age
, All 20 primary teeth have rupture
Has good control of muscles
Hand preference develops by 3 years of age
More adept at using old skills as each year passes
School age (6 to 12 years)
Slows until just before puberty
Erikson > Industry vs. Inferiority
Piaget > Concrete operations
Play > competitive (ex. Board games, collecting stamps)
Weight gain is more rapid than increase in height
Brain has reached approximately adult size
Muscular coordination improved
Lower center of gravity
*size is not correlated with emotional maturity*
o Problems can occur when a child faces higher expectations because he or she is taller and
heavier than peers
2. Explain the different newborn reflexes.
Moro (startle reflex): usually occurs when the baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. They will abduct
then extend the arms with the fingers widely open and the thumb and index finger form a “C” shape. The
lower extremities might also extend and abduct toward the abdomen.
Present at birth and is absent by 6 months of age if neurological maturation is not delayed.
Rooting reflex: Stroking of the cheek elicits the newborn to turn their head toward the side that is touched
Usually disappears after 3 to 4 months but can persist up to 1 year
Sucking reflex: The finger being put into the mouth of the newborns elicits the newborn to begin sucking
Birth to 4 months –can persist up to 1 year
Palmar Grasp: Elicited from placing your finger in the palm of the newborn and the newborn responds by
curling the finger around the examiner’s fingers
, Lessens by 3 months
Plantar grasp: Elicited by placing the examiner’s fingers at the base of the foot. Th newborn responds by
curling the toes downward.
From birth to 8 months
Tonic neck reflex (fencing position): When the newborn’s head is turned to one side, the arm and leg on that
same side extends and the opposing arm and leg flex.
From birth to 3 to 4 months
