Reproductive Animal Strategies
Pinimg.com. (2022). [online] Available at: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/3e/8a/13/3e8a13cacc1c5d79234cc52ef04d3af2.jpg [Accessed 14 Feb. 2022].
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 1
, Disclaimer
• The information is provided by Nikita Raeburn and is intended for studying/teaching
purposes only.
• All information displayed is sole ©Copyright of N. Raeburn, and in such may not be
downloaded, reproduced, copied, defaced, edited or used in any way without
written permission.
• All information is based on the IEB (Independent Examinations Board) syllabus.
• Various textbooks, articles and websites were used in compiling the information.
• The information in these notes cover a majority of topics, however it is advised to
keep your own personal textbook/study guide near as the notes may not contain
everything suited to certain examiners preference.
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 2
, Reproduction In Vertebrates
Reproductive Strategies
Courtship Internal & Ovipary, Amniotic Precocial & Parental
external ovovivipary & egg Altricial Care
Simple Strategies fertilisation vivipary development
Has eggshell Present of
Chemical Oviparous with 3 Precocial
Visual Internal Development of absent
membranes. Young hatch or
Auditory stimuli Male gametes the embryo inside born when almost
Complex Strategies introduced in an egg. Parent spends
Eggs fully developed
Unique to each the female’s times or energy
produced by (independent).
species body. Viviparous to improve the
birds, reptiles survival,
External Development of with a shell. Altricial
Male gametes the embryo inside condition &
Born or hatched
released in the the body of the future
Reptiles eggs when not well
water. mother. reproductive
laid on land. developed
success of the
(helpless)
Ovoviviparous offspring
Fish eggs
The egg is laid in water.
hatched inside the
females body.
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 3
, Courtship
Simple Strategies & Complex Strategies
Purpose of Courtship:
• Ensures that both male and female is ready for
mating
• Helps choose a suitable mating partner
• Helps identify partners of the same species
Simple Strategies
• Chemical pheromones (eg. Female moths secrete pheromones to attract a
mate)
• Visual brightly coloured body parts (eg. Male peacock)
• Sound stimuli songs or sounds (eg. Male frogs make sounds to attract a
female)
Complex Strategies
• Complex and extended series of calls (eg. Hummingbirds)
• Elaborate dances by males (eg. Ostriches)
• Annual rut period of sexual excitement (eg. Springbok)
• Courtship feeding (eg. Male African hoopoes feed female
4
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
Pinimg.com. (2022). [online] Available at: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/3e/8a/13/3e8a13cacc1c5d79234cc52ef04d3af2.jpg [Accessed 14 Feb. 2022].
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 1
, Disclaimer
• The information is provided by Nikita Raeburn and is intended for studying/teaching
purposes only.
• All information displayed is sole ©Copyright of N. Raeburn, and in such may not be
downloaded, reproduced, copied, defaced, edited or used in any way without
written permission.
• All information is based on the IEB (Independent Examinations Board) syllabus.
• Various textbooks, articles and websites were used in compiling the information.
• The information in these notes cover a majority of topics, however it is advised to
keep your own personal textbook/study guide near as the notes may not contain
everything suited to certain examiners preference.
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 2
, Reproduction In Vertebrates
Reproductive Strategies
Courtship Internal & Ovipary, Amniotic Precocial & Parental
external ovovivipary & egg Altricial Care
Simple Strategies fertilisation vivipary development
Has eggshell Present of
Chemical Oviparous with 3 Precocial
Visual Internal Development of absent
membranes. Young hatch or
Auditory stimuli Male gametes the embryo inside born when almost
Complex Strategies introduced in an egg. Parent spends
Eggs fully developed
Unique to each the female’s times or energy
produced by (independent).
species body. Viviparous to improve the
birds, reptiles survival,
External Development of with a shell. Altricial
Male gametes the embryo inside condition &
Born or hatched
released in the the body of the future
Reptiles eggs when not well
water. mother. reproductive
laid on land. developed
success of the
(helpless)
Ovoviviparous offspring
Fish eggs
The egg is laid in water.
hatched inside the
females body.
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn 3
, Courtship
Simple Strategies & Complex Strategies
Purpose of Courtship:
• Ensures that both male and female is ready for
mating
• Helps choose a suitable mating partner
• Helps identify partners of the same species
Simple Strategies
• Chemical pheromones (eg. Female moths secrete pheromones to attract a
mate)
• Visual brightly coloured body parts (eg. Male peacock)
• Sound stimuli songs or sounds (eg. Male frogs make sounds to attract a
female)
Complex Strategies
• Complex and extended series of calls (eg. Hummingbirds)
• Elaborate dances by males (eg. Ostriches)
• Annual rut period of sexual excitement (eg. Springbok)
• Courtship feeding (eg. Male African hoopoes feed female
4
Copyright © 2022 N.Raeburn
