Dierkunde – H. Leirs
Inhoudsopgave
1. Waarom dierkunde ?......................................................................................................7
Eigenschappen van leven..............................................................................................................8
Unieke chemische samenstellingen................................................................................................................8
Hiërarchische organisatieniveaus....................................................................................................................8
Voortplanting...................................................................................................................................................8
Genetische code..............................................................................................................................................8
Metabolisme....................................................................................................................................................9
Ontwikkeling en groei......................................................................................................................................9
Wat is een dier?............................................................................................................................9
Eubacteria:.....................................................................................................................................................10
Archaebacteria:..............................................................................................................................................10
Regnum protista............................................................................................................................................11
Regnum Fungi................................................................................................................................................11
Regnum Plantae.............................................................................................................................................11
Regnum Animalia...........................................................................................................................................11
Leven op verschillende organisatieniveaus.................................................................................12
Moleculair en cellulair...................................................................................................................................12
Weefsels en organen.....................................................................................................................................12
Individuen en populaties...............................................................................................................................12
Het dier en zijn omgeving..............................................................................................................................12
Grote diversiteit.............................................................................................................................................13
2. De dierlijke cel...............................................................................................................14
Basisbouwplan:...........................................................................................................................14
Plasmamembraan:.........................................................................................................................................14
Kern................................................................................................................................................................14
Chromosomen...............................................................................................................................................14
Erfelijke informatie........................................................................................................................................14
DNA – desoxyribonucelinezuur...................................................................................................15
Stappenplan vorming aminozuur..................................................................................................................15
genen.............................................................................................................................................................15
3. Voortplanting en ontwikkeling......................................................................................16
Mitose:........................................................................................................................................17
Meiose:.......................................................................................................................................17
1ste meiotische deling.....................................................................................................................................17
2e meiotische deling.......................................................................................................................................17
Voortplanting..............................................................................................................................18
Aseksuele voortplanting................................................................................................................................18
Seksuele voortplanting..................................................................................................................................18
Ovum.............................................................................................................................................................18
Spermatozoon...............................................................................................................................................19
Vormen van seksuele voortplanting..............................................................................................................19
Is seks wel de moeite?...................................................................................................................................20
Ontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................20
Embryonale ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................................20
Celdifferentiatie.............................................................................................................................................21
4. Diversiteit en evolutie...................................................................................................22
1
,Dierkunde – H. Leirs
Evolutie.......................................................................................................................................22
Mechanismen van evolutie...........................................................................................................................22
Natuurlijke selectie........................................................................................................................................22
Seksuele selectie............................................................................................................................................23
Genetische drift.............................................................................................................................................23
Micro-evolutie VS macro-evolutie.................................................................................................................23
Co-evolutie.....................................................................................................................................................23
Publieke aanvaarding evolutietheorie.........................................................................................24
Creationisme..................................................................................................................................................24
Misverstand over statuut evolutietheorie....................................................................................................24
Misverstand over betekenis evolutie............................................................................................................24
Misbruik van evolutietheorie........................................................................................................................24
Misverstanden over de werking van evolutie...............................................................................................25
Diversiteit overzichtelijk maken..................................................................................................25
Classificatie in de soorten of species.............................................................................................................25
Biologische naamgeving................................................................................................................................25
Classificatiesysteem.......................................................................................................................................26
Indeling van het dierenrijk..........................................................................................................26
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................26
Genetische verwantschap.............................................................................................................................28
Selectie van de diergroepen in deze cursus.................................................................................28
5. Protozoa (= heterogene protista)..................................................................................30
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................30
Voortbeweging............................................................................................................................30
Voortplanting..............................................................................................................................30
Celdeling........................................................................................................................................................30
Seksuele voortplanting..................................................................................................................................31
Systematiek.................................................................................................................................31
Superclassis Flagellata...................................................................................................................................31
Superclassis Rhizopoda..................................................................................................................................32
Superclassis Sporozoa (apicomplexa)............................................................................................................32
Superclassis Ciliata.........................................................................................................................................33
6. Porifera = de sponzen....................................................................................................35
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................35
Algemeenheden..........................................................................................................................35
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................35
Verschillende celtypen in mesoglea..............................................................................................................36
Organisatietypes............................................................................................................................................37
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling....................................................................................................37
Seksuele voortplanting..................................................................................................................................37
Aseksuele voortplanting................................................................................................................................37
7. Cnidaria........................................................................................................................38
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................38
Bouwplan....................................................................................................................................38
Meduse..........................................................................................................................................................39
....................................................................................................................................................39
2
,Dierkunde – H. Leirs
Cnidoblasten (netelcellen).............................................................................................................................40
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling....................................................................................................41
Systematiek.................................................................................................................................41
8. Platyhelminthes............................................................................................................42
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................42
Belangrijke recente groepen.......................................................................................................42
Cl. Turbellaria.................................................................................................................................................42
Cl. Trematoda................................................................................................................................................42
Cl. Cestoda.....................................................................................................................................................42
Cl. Turbellaria..............................................................................................................................43
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................43
Excretie..........................................................................................................................................................43
Zenuwstelsel en zintuigen.............................................................................................................................43
Seksuele voortplanting..................................................................................................................................44
Aseksuele voortplanting................................................................................................................................44
Cl. Trematoda..............................................................................................................................44
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................44
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling......................................................................................................................44
Cl. Cestoda..................................................................................................................................46
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................46
Opbouw van proglottiden..............................................................................................................................47
Voortplanting..............................................................................................................................49
9. Nematoda.....................................................................................................................50
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................50
Bouwplan....................................................................................................................................50
Spieren...........................................................................................................................................................51
Spijsverteringsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................51
Excretiestelsel................................................................................................................................................52
Voortplantingsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................52
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling....................................................................................................52
10. Mollusca.....................................................................................................................56
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................56
Phylum Mollusca.........................................................................................................................56
Algemeenheden.............................................................................................................................................57
Spijsverteringsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................57
Zenuwstelsel..................................................................................................................................................57
Bloedvatenstelsel...........................................................................................................................................58
Voortplantingsstelsel en ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................58
Phylum Mollusca, Classis Gastropoda.........................................................................................58
Algemeenheden.............................................................................................................................................58
Radula............................................................................................................................................................59
Ademhaling....................................................................................................................................................59
Voedselkeuze.................................................................................................................................................59
Phylum Mollusca, Classis Bivalvia................................................................................................60
Algemeenheden.............................................................................................................................................60
Kieuwstructuur..............................................................................................................................................60
3
, Dierkunde – H. Leirs
Bloedvatenstelsel...........................................................................................................................................61
Zenuwstelsel..................................................................................................................................................61
Ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................................................61
11. Annelida......................................................................................................................62
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................62
Phylum Annelida.........................................................................................................................62
Systematiek....................................................................................................................................................62
Bouwplan....................................................................................................................................63
Bloedvatenstelsel...........................................................................................................................................63
Zenuwstelsel..................................................................................................................................................63
Excretiestelsel................................................................................................................................................63
Voortplantingsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................63
Metamorfose en coeloomvorming................................................................................................................65
Phylum Annelida, Classis Oligochaeta.........................................................................................65
12. Arthropoda; geleedpotigen.........................................................................................66
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................66
Algemeenheden..........................................................................................................................66
Systematiek.................................................................................................................................67
Typische eigenschappen..............................................................................................................68
Cuticula..........................................................................................................................................................68
Groei en vervelling.........................................................................................................................................68
Bouw van een segment...............................................................................................................70
Basisvorm van een segment..........................................................................................................................70
Aanhangsels................................................................................................................................70
Spijsverteringsstelsel...................................................................................................................71
Ademhalingsstelsel.....................................................................................................................71
Tracheeën......................................................................................................................................................71
Lichaamsholte................................................................................................................................................71
Excretiestelsel.............................................................................................................................71
Buizen van Malpighi.......................................................................................................................................72
Zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................................................72
zintuigen.....................................................................................................................................73
Voortplanting..............................................................................................................................74
Ontwikkelingstypen.......................................................................................................................................74
13. Phylum Arthorpoda – classis Arachnida.......................................................................76
Algemeenheden..........................................................................................................................76
Aanhangsels...................................................................................................................................................76
Phylum Arthropoda – classis Arachnida – ordo Araneida............................................................77
Phylum Arthropoda – classis Arachnida – ordo Acari..................................................................77
Voedingswijze................................................................................................................................................77
Voortplanting.................................................................................................................................................77
Schapenteek (Ixodes ricinus).........................................................................................................................78
14. Phylum Arthropoda – Subphylum Crustacea................................................................79
4
Inhoudsopgave
1. Waarom dierkunde ?......................................................................................................7
Eigenschappen van leven..............................................................................................................8
Unieke chemische samenstellingen................................................................................................................8
Hiërarchische organisatieniveaus....................................................................................................................8
Voortplanting...................................................................................................................................................8
Genetische code..............................................................................................................................................8
Metabolisme....................................................................................................................................................9
Ontwikkeling en groei......................................................................................................................................9
Wat is een dier?............................................................................................................................9
Eubacteria:.....................................................................................................................................................10
Archaebacteria:..............................................................................................................................................10
Regnum protista............................................................................................................................................11
Regnum Fungi................................................................................................................................................11
Regnum Plantae.............................................................................................................................................11
Regnum Animalia...........................................................................................................................................11
Leven op verschillende organisatieniveaus.................................................................................12
Moleculair en cellulair...................................................................................................................................12
Weefsels en organen.....................................................................................................................................12
Individuen en populaties...............................................................................................................................12
Het dier en zijn omgeving..............................................................................................................................12
Grote diversiteit.............................................................................................................................................13
2. De dierlijke cel...............................................................................................................14
Basisbouwplan:...........................................................................................................................14
Plasmamembraan:.........................................................................................................................................14
Kern................................................................................................................................................................14
Chromosomen...............................................................................................................................................14
Erfelijke informatie........................................................................................................................................14
DNA – desoxyribonucelinezuur...................................................................................................15
Stappenplan vorming aminozuur..................................................................................................................15
genen.............................................................................................................................................................15
3. Voortplanting en ontwikkeling......................................................................................16
Mitose:........................................................................................................................................17
Meiose:.......................................................................................................................................17
1ste meiotische deling.....................................................................................................................................17
2e meiotische deling.......................................................................................................................................17
Voortplanting..............................................................................................................................18
Aseksuele voortplanting................................................................................................................................18
Seksuele voortplanting..................................................................................................................................18
Ovum.............................................................................................................................................................18
Spermatozoon...............................................................................................................................................19
Vormen van seksuele voortplanting..............................................................................................................19
Is seks wel de moeite?...................................................................................................................................20
Ontwikkeling...............................................................................................................................20
Embryonale ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................................20
Celdifferentiatie.............................................................................................................................................21
4. Diversiteit en evolutie...................................................................................................22
1
,Dierkunde – H. Leirs
Evolutie.......................................................................................................................................22
Mechanismen van evolutie...........................................................................................................................22
Natuurlijke selectie........................................................................................................................................22
Seksuele selectie............................................................................................................................................23
Genetische drift.............................................................................................................................................23
Micro-evolutie VS macro-evolutie.................................................................................................................23
Co-evolutie.....................................................................................................................................................23
Publieke aanvaarding evolutietheorie.........................................................................................24
Creationisme..................................................................................................................................................24
Misverstand over statuut evolutietheorie....................................................................................................24
Misverstand over betekenis evolutie............................................................................................................24
Misbruik van evolutietheorie........................................................................................................................24
Misverstanden over de werking van evolutie...............................................................................................25
Diversiteit overzichtelijk maken..................................................................................................25
Classificatie in de soorten of species.............................................................................................................25
Biologische naamgeving................................................................................................................................25
Classificatiesysteem.......................................................................................................................................26
Indeling van het dierenrijk..........................................................................................................26
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................26
Genetische verwantschap.............................................................................................................................28
Selectie van de diergroepen in deze cursus.................................................................................28
5. Protozoa (= heterogene protista)..................................................................................30
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................30
Voortbeweging............................................................................................................................30
Voortplanting..............................................................................................................................30
Celdeling........................................................................................................................................................30
Seksuele voortplanting..................................................................................................................................31
Systematiek.................................................................................................................................31
Superclassis Flagellata...................................................................................................................................31
Superclassis Rhizopoda..................................................................................................................................32
Superclassis Sporozoa (apicomplexa)............................................................................................................32
Superclassis Ciliata.........................................................................................................................................33
6. Porifera = de sponzen....................................................................................................35
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................35
Algemeenheden..........................................................................................................................35
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................35
Verschillende celtypen in mesoglea..............................................................................................................36
Organisatietypes............................................................................................................................................37
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling....................................................................................................37
Seksuele voortplanting..................................................................................................................................37
Aseksuele voortplanting................................................................................................................................37
7. Cnidaria........................................................................................................................38
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................38
Bouwplan....................................................................................................................................38
Meduse..........................................................................................................................................................39
....................................................................................................................................................39
2
,Dierkunde – H. Leirs
Cnidoblasten (netelcellen).............................................................................................................................40
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling....................................................................................................41
Systematiek.................................................................................................................................41
8. Platyhelminthes............................................................................................................42
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................42
Belangrijke recente groepen.......................................................................................................42
Cl. Turbellaria.................................................................................................................................................42
Cl. Trematoda................................................................................................................................................42
Cl. Cestoda.....................................................................................................................................................42
Cl. Turbellaria..............................................................................................................................43
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................43
Excretie..........................................................................................................................................................43
Zenuwstelsel en zintuigen.............................................................................................................................43
Seksuele voortplanting..................................................................................................................................44
Aseksuele voortplanting................................................................................................................................44
Cl. Trematoda..............................................................................................................................44
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................44
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling......................................................................................................................44
Cl. Cestoda..................................................................................................................................46
Bouwplan.......................................................................................................................................................46
Opbouw van proglottiden..............................................................................................................................47
Voortplanting..............................................................................................................................49
9. Nematoda.....................................................................................................................50
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................50
Bouwplan....................................................................................................................................50
Spieren...........................................................................................................................................................51
Spijsverteringsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................51
Excretiestelsel................................................................................................................................................52
Voortplantingsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................52
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling....................................................................................................52
10. Mollusca.....................................................................................................................56
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................56
Phylum Mollusca.........................................................................................................................56
Algemeenheden.............................................................................................................................................57
Spijsverteringsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................57
Zenuwstelsel..................................................................................................................................................57
Bloedvatenstelsel...........................................................................................................................................58
Voortplantingsstelsel en ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................58
Phylum Mollusca, Classis Gastropoda.........................................................................................58
Algemeenheden.............................................................................................................................................58
Radula............................................................................................................................................................59
Ademhaling....................................................................................................................................................59
Voedselkeuze.................................................................................................................................................59
Phylum Mollusca, Classis Bivalvia................................................................................................60
Algemeenheden.............................................................................................................................................60
Kieuwstructuur..............................................................................................................................................60
3
, Dierkunde – H. Leirs
Bloedvatenstelsel...........................................................................................................................................61
Zenuwstelsel..................................................................................................................................................61
Ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................................................61
11. Annelida......................................................................................................................62
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................62
Phylum Annelida.........................................................................................................................62
Systematiek....................................................................................................................................................62
Bouwplan....................................................................................................................................63
Bloedvatenstelsel...........................................................................................................................................63
Zenuwstelsel..................................................................................................................................................63
Excretiestelsel................................................................................................................................................63
Voortplantingsstelsel.....................................................................................................................................63
Metamorfose en coeloomvorming................................................................................................................65
Phylum Annelida, Classis Oligochaeta.........................................................................................65
12. Arthropoda; geleedpotigen.........................................................................................66
Diagnose.....................................................................................................................................66
Algemeenheden..........................................................................................................................66
Systematiek.................................................................................................................................67
Typische eigenschappen..............................................................................................................68
Cuticula..........................................................................................................................................................68
Groei en vervelling.........................................................................................................................................68
Bouw van een segment...............................................................................................................70
Basisvorm van een segment..........................................................................................................................70
Aanhangsels................................................................................................................................70
Spijsverteringsstelsel...................................................................................................................71
Ademhalingsstelsel.....................................................................................................................71
Tracheeën......................................................................................................................................................71
Lichaamsholte................................................................................................................................................71
Excretiestelsel.............................................................................................................................71
Buizen van Malpighi.......................................................................................................................................72
Zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................................................72
zintuigen.....................................................................................................................................73
Voortplanting..............................................................................................................................74
Ontwikkelingstypen.......................................................................................................................................74
13. Phylum Arthorpoda – classis Arachnida.......................................................................76
Algemeenheden..........................................................................................................................76
Aanhangsels...................................................................................................................................................76
Phylum Arthropoda – classis Arachnida – ordo Araneida............................................................77
Phylum Arthropoda – classis Arachnida – ordo Acari..................................................................77
Voedingswijze................................................................................................................................................77
Voortplanting.................................................................................................................................................77
Schapenteek (Ixodes ricinus).........................................................................................................................78
14. Phylum Arthropoda – Subphylum Crustacea................................................................79
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