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Samenvatting Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

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Covering the basics through advanced operation of spark-ignition and diesel engines. Written by one of the most recognized and highly regarded names in internal combustion engines this trusted educational resource and professional reference covers the key physical and chemical processes that govern internal combustion engine operation and design. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Second Edition, has been thoroughly revised to cover recent advances, including performance enhancement, efficiency improvements, and emission reduction technologies. Highly illustrated and cross referenced, the book includes discussions of these engines' environmental impacts and requirements. You will get complete explanations of spark-ignition and compression-ignition (diesel) engine operating characteristics as well as of engine flow and combustion phenomena and fuel requirements. Coverage includes: - Engine types and their operation - Engine design and operating parameters - Thermochemistry of fuel-air mixtures - Properties of working fluids - Ideal models of engine cycles - Gas exchange processes - Mixture preparation in spark-ignition engines - Charge motion within the cylinder - Combustion in spark-ignition engines - Combustion in compression-ignition engines - Pollutant formation and control - Engine heat transfer - Engine friction and lubrication - Modeling real engine flow and combustion processes - Engine operating characteristics

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2. Verbranding in ottomotoren
2.1. Mengselvorming
a) één cilinder, ideale menging, volledige verdamping:
figuur pe en be als f(λ)
alle andere parameters (n,V.O., …) constant




pe :
λ > 1 : te weinig brandstof in de lucht → slechte benutting
cilindervolume
λ = 1 : voor eenvoud. ond. gasvormige C als brandstof !!!

32
1kg C + kg O2 → CO2 + 33.662 kJ
12
32
λ < 1 : bv 1,2 kg C voor kg O2 (d.i. λ = 1/1,2)
12
aangezien homogene menging en verdamping → alle C
reageert maar alle C kan niet omgezet tot CO2 (onvoldoende
O2)
32
bv. 0,8 kg C + 0,8 x kg O2 → CO2 + 26.930 kJ
12
0,4 kg C 16
+ 0,4 x kg O2 → CO + 4.086 kJ
1,2 kg C 12
31.016 kJ

verbranding 2 slide 1.

,be :
λ > 1 : eerst : → minder brandstof in cilinder; dus pi <<
wel ± zelfde mechanische wrijvingsverliezen → ηm <

daarna : armer mengsel → tragere verbranding (T<)
(minder isochoor) → ηi <
1 1
be ≈ ≈ → be ↑
ηe η i ηm

tenslotte : bij λ >> verbranding niet afgelopen als
uitlaat opent

uiteindelijk : bij λ ≈ 1,2 misfire limit

λ < 1 : door dissociatie, slechter brandstofverbruik
(cfr. pe; λ < 1) → be ↑

b) Eéncilinder motor : geen ideale menging en geen volledige
verdamping (werkelijke motor)
pe : max naar links : alle toegevoerde brandstof niet
verbrand
be : min naar rechts

bij λ = 1 onvolmaakte menging en
verdamping (condensatie) → deel
brandstof kan niet verbranden

bij λ > 1 aandeel kleiner




verbranding 2 slide 2.

,2.2. Voorreacties

- temperatuur einde aanzuiging ± 100 °C
(functie buitenluchttemperatuur, verdampingswarmte,
opwarming door wanden, belasting, …)
- einde compressie T ≥ 550 °C afhankelijk van TIS , ε, λ, …

- einde compressie → alle brandstof verdampt
- door hoge temperatuur reeds voorreacties:
• peroxiden ROOR’ H2O2
• aldehyden (cfr. formaldehyde CH2O)

2.3. Vonkenergie

minimale warmteontwikkeling om voldoende
ladingshoeveelheid op vereiste temperatuur
- minimale energie :
d 2λ
E=C ΔT
c
E ~ warmteafvoer
1
E~
vlamsnelheid
c = vlamsnelheid
λ = warmtegeleidendheid

- d voldoende groot om minimaal ontstekingsvolume
- vollast en λ ≤ 1; sterkte van vonk weinig belang
- deellast en (of) λ > 1; sterkte, duur en aantal wel belangrijk:
luchtbeweging met veranderende λ rond bougie benutten
- belang “baby flame”
verbranding 2 slide 3.

, 2.4. Normale verbranding

- bougievonk → baby flame → vlamfront in alle richtingen
- verbranding van schil veroorzaakt temperatuurstijging
en uitzetting (Δp stijging)
- pcil : overal dezelfde : voortplantingssnelheid drukgolf >>>
(akoest. a = χRT ) (900 m/sec)

- Tcil : warmte voortplanting vooral door conductie
≈ 10 m/sec

→ ΔT gradiënt honderden graden over de cilinder
(in de verbrande gassen !) met Tmax rond bougie
→ in onverbrand deel is ΔT bepaald door Δp !
- vlamsnelheid (absolute) (ct,r) :
belangrijk i.v.m. het al of niet afgelopen zijn van
verbanding bij U0

⎛ dx ⎞
- verbrandingssnelheid ⎜ ⎟ :
⎝ dt ⎠
belangrijke parameter bij thermodynamische analyse van
de cyclus




verbranding 2 slide 4.
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