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Samenvatting Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

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Covering the basics through advanced operation of spark-ignition and diesel engines. Written by one of the most recognized and highly regarded names in internal combustion engines this trusted educational resource and professional reference covers the key physical and chemical processes that govern internal combustion engine operation and design. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Second Edition, has been thoroughly revised to cover recent advances, including performance enhancement, efficiency improvements, and emission reduction technologies. Highly illustrated and cross referenced, the book includes discussions of these engines' environmental impacts and requirements. You will get complete explanations of spark-ignition and compression-ignition (diesel) engine operating characteristics as well as of engine flow and combustion phenomena and fuel requirements. Coverage includes: - Engine types and their operation - Engine design and operating parameters - Thermochemistry of fuel-air mixtures - Properties of working fluids - Ideal models of engine cycles - Gas exchange processes - Mixture preparation in spark-ignition engines - Charge motion within the cylinder - Combustion in spark-ignition engines - Combustion in compression-ignition engines - Pollutant formation and control - Engine heat transfer - Engine friction and lubrication - Modeling real engine flow and combustion processes - Engine operating characteristics

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Hoofdstuk 1 t/m 15
Uploaded on
February 9, 2022
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2021/2022
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3. Verbranding in Dieselmotoren
3.1. Mengselvorming
3.1.1. Injectieverloop
1. totale hoeveelheid brandstof QB per cyclus
B




→ bepaalt vermogen; diesel heeft geen gasklep

Pe geregeld door λ
λ van 1,4 tot λ = … 7 – 10
bij diesel toch ontsteking bij λ = 10
in tegenstelling ottocyclus
2. distributie van brandstof injectie qB/°kh
→ bepaalt verbrandingsverloop → p(α) → ηi
→ bepaalt zachte werking
QB (totaal) ; garagetestbank
qB (α) te bepalen met o.a. cellenrad
cellenrad methode




Invloedsfactoren injectieverloop
- nokprofiel
- geometrie leiding (lengte), pomp, injector (aantallen en
afmetingen gaatjes)
- werkingsparameter motor (n, belasting)
- viscositeit brandstof
dieselmotoren slide 1.

,Injectiekarakteristieken

- plunjerheffing
- injectieverloop
• injectievertraging ◦ samendrukbaarheid brandstof
◦ uitzetting (elasticiteit) leiding
◦ lekverliezen
• injectiebegin
◦ openingsdruk


popen · (d1-d2) = Fveer = k·x

bv 200 bar



• einde injectie
◦ sluitingsdruk psluit · d1 = Fveer = k·x

bv 150 bar
◦ presidueel

ontlastingsventiel
presid bv 100 bar
◦ nadruppelen – na-injectie
♦ weerbotsen naald
♦ drukgolven
verkoking !

- drukverloop
- naaldheffing
- cilinderdruk


dieselmotoren slide 2.

,3.1.2. Brandstofstraal

naast QB (totaal) en qB (α) zijn voor verbrandingsverloop
ook van belang : - verdeling brandstof over lucht
- verstuiving (uiteenvallen) in druppels
- mengen
- verdampen
- verder mengen
a) brandstofstraal in de lucht in rust (als dcil >> 200 mm)
- brandstof gesloten straal uit injector openingen
- verdeling brandstof over lucht afhankelijk van :
1. richting en indringdiepte
• aantal injectorgaten
• indringdiepte : ↑ met Δp en diameter injectorgaten
↓ D lucht
2 . opbreken in druppels (verstuiven - uiteenvallen)
3 . verstuiven (uiteenvallen) van straal en menging
• overdracht van momentum mv (hoeveelheid van
beweging) aan mantel straal veroorzaakt meenemen
(aanzuigen) van lucht (entrainment proces) waardoor ook
brandstofdruppels afzonderen en menging ontstaat (en
stroming van lucht in richting van straal)
• zware (grote) druppels vallen verder uiteen in kleinere
zolang aërodynamische krachten >>
oppervlaktespanningkrachten

c 2 πd 2
ρl ⋅ × ⋅ c x = kπdσ
2 4
W = getal van Weber
dc 2 8k
ρ⋅ = = W > 10
σ cx
dieselmotoren slide 3.

, - verstuiving
• gekarakteriseerd door distributie druppelafmetingen
• Sauter Mean Diameter ds d.i. druppelafmeting die
dezelfde opp/vol verhouding heeft als ganse straal
druppels.

opp. bol = πd 2
π d n3
πd 3 ∑n π d 3
∑ d 3
vol. bol = 6 = s
⇒ d s = n n2
6 ∑ n πd n 6 πd s
2 2
∑n dn

• druppelafmetingen i.f.v. :
◦ injectiedruk
◦ geometrie injectorgaten
◦ densiteit lucht
◦ viscositeit en opp. spanning brandstof
• voorbeeld van radiale distributie druppeldiameter
4. verdampen
verstuiving in kleine druppels belangrijk voor opwarming
en verdamping

als d << │• opp/vol ↑ → meer warmtetoevoer
│• warmteoverdrachtscoëff. ↑




dieselmotoren slide 4.
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