ATI TEAS Study Guide (Latest Update 2022) done!

ATI TEAS Study Guide (Latest Update 2020)

ATI Notes – General Anatomy & Physiology of a Human

- Lowest hierarchy is at the organelles within a cell
- Cells with the same functions collected into larger groups -> tissues
- Tissues are collected into organs which carry out a single task
- Organs work together in organ systems that perform large-scale
functions

Cell Parts
- Organelles -> cell parts that function within a cell
o Coordinate with other organelles to perform a cell’s basic
functions
- Ribosomes -> carry out protein synthesis
- Golgi Apparatus -> modifies & packages proteins secreted from a cell
- Mitochondria -> convert energy present in chemical bonds of food
accessible to the cell
- Nucleus -> stores & processes instructions contained in the DNA that
tell the cell what its functions are
Cells
- Smallest living unit of life
- In humans, some cells function autonomously; ex. Phagocytic white
blood cells
- Cells highly specialized to perform a specific function
Organs
- Structures composed of several types of tissues & perform one or more
functions

Organ Systems
- Functional units composed of several organs
- Functions include: digestion of food, circulation of nutrients, removal of
wastes, & reproduction

Vocab:
- Anatomical Position: standard positioning of the body as standing; feet
together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands
forward
- Cells: the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things
are created
- Cellular functions: Processes that include growth, metabolism,
replication, protein synthesis, and movement
- Directional Terminology: Words used to explain relationships of
locations of anatomical elements

, - Organelle: a specialized part of a cell that has a specific function
- Organ: a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific
function
- Reference planes: Planes dividing the body to describe locations:
sagittal, transverse, and coronal
- Tissue: a group of cells with similar structure that function together as
a unit, but at a lower level than organs
- Superior: Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view,
looking down)
- Inferior: Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view,
looking up)
- Lateral- Farther from midline
- Medial- Nearer to midline
- Superficial- Close to the surface of the body.
- Deep- Away from the surface of the body
- Proximal- Nearer to the origination of a structure.
- Distal- Farther from the origination of a structure.
- Anterior- At or near the front of the body
- Posterior- At or near the back of the body
- Prone- Patient laying on their belly, arms that the side.
- Supine- Patient laying on their back, arms that the side.

Circulatory System – Khan Academy

Jobs of the heart:
- Systemic flow (entire body)
- Pulmonary Flow (blood to &
from the lungs)

Coronary blood vessels
- Serving the heart muscle
itself
- Serve the needs of cells
- Fall under the category of
systemic flow

Vein = blood going towards the
heart
Artery = blood going away from the
heart

,Valves in the heart are there to keep blood moving in the right direction
Pulmonary = lungs
*bicuspid valve also known as the MITRAL valve

Pulmonary Circulation
- Relying on the right ventricle as the pump
- Deoxygenated blood

Systemic Ventricle
- Relying on the left ventricle as the pump
- Deliver all the blood to the various organs; organs then use up oxygen

Red Blood Cell
- Has no mitochondria, so it is not really using oxygen
- No nucleus
- Made for the purpose of carrying around oxygen
- Don’t really need oxygen
- Each filled with about 250 million hemoglobin proteins
o Each hemoglobin protein can bind to 4 O2 molecules
(oxyhemoglobin)

Heart -> gets its oxygen from Systemic circulation (coronary vessels)
Lungs -> gets its oxygen from bronchial arteries/blood vessels stemming off
in systemic circulation
- Lots of blood mixing
- Most of the blood goes into the pulmonary veins
- Mixing of pulmonary & systemic circulation

What cells need
- Access to oxygen
- A source of glucose
- A balanced fluid environment with the right amount of
water/electrolytes
- Removal of waste (such as carbon dioxide)

The heart is a DOUBLE pump (left & right ventricle)

High pressure allows the blood to circulate around the body; low pressure
allows for optimal gas exchange in the lungs without broken capillaries

Heart Sounds
- “lub dub”
- aortic & pulmonary valves are closed while the tricuspid and mitral
valve are open
- valves prevent backflow of blood (they snap shut)

, - When the Tricuspid & mitral valve snap shut, we call that noise ->
“Lub” (First heart sound/S1); at this time the pulmonic and Aortic valve
open
- “Dub” -> second heart sounds/S2; when the pulmonic & aortic valve
shut; Tricuspid & Mitral valve just opened
- Time between “lub dub” -> systole
- Time after “lub” waiting for “dub” -> diastole

Atrioventricular valves
- Between the atrium & ventricles
- Tricuspid & Mitral valves

Layers of the Heart
- Chordae Tendineae -> hold atrioventricular valves in place, keep the
valve from flipping backwards ; connect to papillary muscles
- Papillary muscles -> muscles located within the ventricles of the heart
- Interventricular Septum
o “a wall”
o Has very thin & very thick parts
o Very thin part -> membranous
 A lot of babies born with holes in this -> VSD (Ventricular
Septal Defect)
o Thick part – (bottom) strong muscular part

3 Layers to
the Heart
Muscle
-




Endocardium
o Most inner
o Goes all around the valves/ventricles/atria
o Thin layer
o Layer that all the RBCs are bumping up against
o A few cell layers thick
- Myocardium
o Largest chunk of the wall
o “myo” = muscle
o where all the contractile muscle is going to be