GNUR 294 EXAM 2 REVIEW / GNUR294 EXAM 2 REVIEW:NEWEST-2022

GNUR 294 EXAM 2 REVIEW (M7-13)
MODULE 7
Pharmacotherapy during Pregnancy
Quick facts:
Teras = Greek word meaning “monster”
Teratogenesis = “to produce a monster”
Teratogens – adverse affects in pregnancy
 Effects structural formation in fetal tissue
 Effects organ function in fetal tissue
 Causes fetal demise
2 individuals of concern:
1) Pregnant women
2) Fetus
Fetal-placental barrier – not effective, many drug molecules can cross and cause harm
to fetus
Adverse effects in pregnant women – causes harm to fetus
 Ex: on antihypertensive, dose was too large  BP ￬ dramatically  ￬ tissue
perfusion  fetus experiences same effects

Stages of Fetal Development
3 stages:
1) Preimplantation period – 1-2 weeks of pregnancy before implantation, “all or
none” period, women don’t know they are pregnant at this time
 Exposure to teratogen at this stage:
o Death
o No effect at all
2) Embryonic period – 3-8 weeks, point of maximum sensitivity, all structures
are being developed
 Exposure to teratogen at this stage:
o Structural abnormalities
3) Fetal period - 9-40 weeks or until birth
 Exposure to teratogen at this stage:
o Effects organ functions

Drug Use during Pregnancy
3 reasons:
1) Treatment of pre-existing illness – more women are waiting until older age to
have children
 Chronic disease may develop as age progresses – DM, HTN, etc.
 Evaluate each risk of classification of drug
o Drug/dose can be changed during pregnancy to ￬ risk
2) Treatment of complications related to pregnancy

,  Develops chronic disease during pregnancy – gestational DM, HTN, etc.
3) Treatment of conditions unrelated to pregnancy
 Develops infection during pregnancy
Nurse’s role – main consideration to determine which drug to prescribe – think about pt
condition w/ perspective to how it effects the fetus
Pregnancy test – consider any women of child bearing age to potentially be pregnant
when/if admin drug that is highly teratogenic

Pharmacokinetics during Pregnancy
Absorption – due to hormonal changes
 ￬ GI motility – affects absorption in GI
 ￬ gastric emptying – affects absorption in GI
 ￪ HCl production – affects absorption of drugs that are acidic/base
 Nausea/vomiting – affects whether or not PO drugs can be kept down
Distribution – total body water ￪ by 50%  to help perfuse fetal tissue  hemodilution of
protein stores  highly protein bound drugs needs to be adjusted
 ￪ HR  ￪ perfusion to fetus
Metabolism – as fetal tissue grows  CYP450 enzyme system starts to work  fetal tissues
metabolize drug molecules  subtherapeutic levels  adjust dose
Excretion – potential effects of teratogenic become more concentrated caused by ￪ BF to fetus

Pregnancy Categories – categorizes risk category of many types of drugs that are administered
to an adult pt
5 categories:
1) A – encouraged to take these drugs during pregnancy
2) B – safe in 1st and 2nd trimester
3) C - ￪ risk during pregnancy
4) D – effects organ function, almost never used in pregnancy BUT benefits
could outweigh risks
5) X – absolutely not given during pregnancy

Pharmacotherapy of Pediatric Patient
Quick facts:
Same drugs given to adults are given to children  DOSE IS SMALLER
Majority of drugs given to peds pt:
 Respiratory drugs
 Antibiotics
 Behavioral drugs
Dose of drug is calculated by pt’s weight in kg

Pharmacokinetics of Pediatric Patient
Birth to 3-5 yr – differences present due to immature systems
3-5 yr+ - pharmacokinetics same as adult
Absorption:

, GI:
 ￪ stomach pH  not enough HCl
 ￬ gastric motility, emptying, peristalsis
Tissue:
 not enough BF to those areas
 IM/SQ absorbed much more slowly
Skin:
 ￪ permeability  very few layers  lotions or topical can be highly toxic
Distribution:
 has more water  dilute many protein stores
 has more fate
Liver:
 less protein production  ￬ chance of protein binding , ￪ chance of toxicity
Blood-brain barrier:
 not mature  some drug molecules can cross
Metabolism:
 hepatocytes and CYP450 system not mature until age 3-5
 slower metabolism
 ￪ risk for toxicity due to half life of drug being so high
Excretion:
 kidneys and nephrons not mature
 excretion of drug is limited  ￪ risk of toxicity

Pediatric Considerations: Medication Administration – actual admin is determined by age
 infants
 toddlers
 preschoolers
 school-age
 adolescents

Medication Safety in Pediatric Patient
Drug dosages – dramatically lower than adults, weight based
Adverse reactions – nonverbal, behaviors, crying, grimacing
Adherence – dependent on caregivers  some unfortunately does not consider child’s
needs before their own

Pharmacotherapy of Geriatric Patient
Quick facts:
Polypharmacy – biggest concern
 drug-drug interactions
 getting multiple prescriptions filled at different pharmacy
Physiological changes – effects pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotherapy – lower dose, ￬ frequency, “start low and go slow”