2021
ITGS Exam Notes
SL AND HL
IVÁN DEZA
,Índice ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4
What is ITGS? ..........................................................................................................................................................4
The ITGS Triangle ...................................................................................................................................................4
Strand 1: Social and Ethical Significance ..........................................................................................................5
Analysing ITGS Situations ......................................................................................................................................6
Evaluating Impacts .............................................................................................................................................7
Strand 2: Application to Specific Areas ............................................................................................................8
Strand 3: IT Systems ...............................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Hardware............................................................................................................................ 9
What is Hardware? ..............................................................................................................................................9
Types of Computers .............................................................................................................................................9
Input Devices .....................................................................................................................................................11
Output Devices ..................................................................................................................................................16
Computer Access for Disabled users...............................................................................................................16
Processor Technology ........................................................................................................................................17
Storage Devices .................................................................................................................................................18
Storing Data: Bits and Bytes ..............................................................................................................................20
Failover/Standby Systems .................................................................................................................................22
Chapter 3: Software ............................................................................................................................ 23
Software .............................................................................................................................................................24
Operating Systems (system software) ............................................................................................................24
Disk Fragmentation ...........................................................................................................................................25
Backups ...............................................................................................................................................................26
Application/Productivity software.................................................................................................................26
Software Licenses ...............................................................................................................................................26
Cloud Computing ..............................................................................................................................................28
User Interfaces ...................................................................................................................................................28
Chapter 4: Networks ........................................................................................................................... 29
Networks.............................................................................................................................................................29
Network Components ......................................................................................................................................29
Network Architecture ......................................................................................................................................32
Firewalls ...............................................................................................................................................................34
Proxy Servers ........................................................................................................................................................34
Types of network ................................................................................................................................................35
Network Connections.......................................................................................................................................36
Communicating on a network .......................................................................................................................38
The Internet ........................................................................................................................................................40
Web 2.0 (read/write web) ..............................................................................................................................42
Chapter 5: Security .............................................................................................................................. 43
Security ................................................................................................................................................................43
Authentication .................................................................................................................................................43
Hacking (cracking) ............................................................................................................................................45
Malicious Software ............................................................................................................................................46
Spam ....................................................................................................................................................................49
Phishing ................................................................................................................................................................50
Encryption ...........................................................................................................................................................51
Wireless Security ..................................................................................................................................................54
Physical Security .................................................................................................................................................55
Chapter 6: Multimedia ....................................................................................................................... 55
Bitmap Graphics (raster graphics) ..................................................................................................................55
Social Impacts ....................................................................................................................................................56
Spotting Digital Fakes ........................................................................................................................................56
Common Multimedia Formats .......................................................................................................................57
, Compression .......................................................................................................................................................58
Vector Graphics (object-oriented graphics) ................................................................................................59
Digital Audio .......................................................................................................................................................60
Digital Video .......................................................................................................................................................61
Intellectual property.........................................................................................................................................61
Desktop Publishing and Word Processing ......................................................................................................62
Chapter 7: Databases ......................................................................................................................... 64
Databases ..........................................................................................................................................................64
Queries ................................................................................................................................................................67
Forms (data entry screens) ..............................................................................................................................67
Comma Separated Value (CSV) and Tab Separated Value (TSV) ............................................................67
Reports ................................................................................................................................................................68
Structured Query Language (SQL) ..................................................................................................................68
Issues: Integrity ....................................................................................................................................................68
Issues: Privacy ......................................................................................................................................................69
Issue: Security ......................................................................................................................................................70
Chapter 8: Models and Simulations .................................................................................................. 71
Computer Models .............................................................................................................................................71
High Performance Computing .......................................................................................................................72
Visualisation ........................................................................................................................................................72
Computer Simulations ......................................................................................................................................73
Chapter 9: Business and Employment .............................................................................................. 73
Traditional Business .............................................................................................................................................73
Teleworking ........................................................................................................................................................74
Spreadsheets .....................................................................................................................................................75
Banking and Digital Money .............................................................................................................................76
IT in Supermarkets ..............................................................................................................................................77
Online Business ....................................................................................................................................................77
Web Design .........................................................................................................................................................79
Publishing a Website ..........................................................................................................................................81
E-marketing ........................................................................................................................................................82
Transportation Business ......................................................................................................................................83
Chapter 10: Education ........................................................................................................................ 84
IT in Teaching and Learning .............................................................................................................................84
Hardware Technologies ....................................................................................................................................86
Provision for Special Needs ...............................................................................................................................86
Laptops in the Classroom .................................................................................................................................86
Chapter 11: Environment ................................................................................................................... 87
Data Logging ......................................................................................................................................................87
Environmental Impacts ....................................................................................................................................89
Electronic Waste (E-waste) ...............................................................................................................................89
Medical Advice ..................................................................................................................................................92
Medical Research ..............................................................................................................................................92
Psychological and Physical Considerations ...................................................................................................93
Chapter 13: Home and Leisure .......................................................................................................... 93
Smart Home Technology (Home Automation) ............................................................................................93
Digital Policing ....................................................................................................................................................93
Digital Entertainment .......................................................................................................................................94
Published and Broadcast Information ...........................................................................................................95
Digital Preservation ...........................................................................................................................................95
Chapter 14: Politics and Government .............................................................................................. 96
Government Control of the Internet ............................................................................................................96
E-Passports ...........................................................................................................................................................96
, Electronic Voting ................................................................................................................................................97
Online Government ..........................................................................................................................................97
Government Databases ..................................................................................................................................98
Military use of IT ..................................................................................................................................................98
ITGS Exam Notes
SL AND HL
IVÁN DEZA
,Índice ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4
What is ITGS? ..........................................................................................................................................................4
The ITGS Triangle ...................................................................................................................................................4
Strand 1: Social and Ethical Significance ..........................................................................................................5
Analysing ITGS Situations ......................................................................................................................................6
Evaluating Impacts .............................................................................................................................................7
Strand 2: Application to Specific Areas ............................................................................................................8
Strand 3: IT Systems ...............................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Hardware............................................................................................................................ 9
What is Hardware? ..............................................................................................................................................9
Types of Computers .............................................................................................................................................9
Input Devices .....................................................................................................................................................11
Output Devices ..................................................................................................................................................16
Computer Access for Disabled users...............................................................................................................16
Processor Technology ........................................................................................................................................17
Storage Devices .................................................................................................................................................18
Storing Data: Bits and Bytes ..............................................................................................................................20
Failover/Standby Systems .................................................................................................................................22
Chapter 3: Software ............................................................................................................................ 23
Software .............................................................................................................................................................24
Operating Systems (system software) ............................................................................................................24
Disk Fragmentation ...........................................................................................................................................25
Backups ...............................................................................................................................................................26
Application/Productivity software.................................................................................................................26
Software Licenses ...............................................................................................................................................26
Cloud Computing ..............................................................................................................................................28
User Interfaces ...................................................................................................................................................28
Chapter 4: Networks ........................................................................................................................... 29
Networks.............................................................................................................................................................29
Network Components ......................................................................................................................................29
Network Architecture ......................................................................................................................................32
Firewalls ...............................................................................................................................................................34
Proxy Servers ........................................................................................................................................................34
Types of network ................................................................................................................................................35
Network Connections.......................................................................................................................................36
Communicating on a network .......................................................................................................................38
The Internet ........................................................................................................................................................40
Web 2.0 (read/write web) ..............................................................................................................................42
Chapter 5: Security .............................................................................................................................. 43
Security ................................................................................................................................................................43
Authentication .................................................................................................................................................43
Hacking (cracking) ............................................................................................................................................45
Malicious Software ............................................................................................................................................46
Spam ....................................................................................................................................................................49
Phishing ................................................................................................................................................................50
Encryption ...........................................................................................................................................................51
Wireless Security ..................................................................................................................................................54
Physical Security .................................................................................................................................................55
Chapter 6: Multimedia ....................................................................................................................... 55
Bitmap Graphics (raster graphics) ..................................................................................................................55
Social Impacts ....................................................................................................................................................56
Spotting Digital Fakes ........................................................................................................................................56
Common Multimedia Formats .......................................................................................................................57
, Compression .......................................................................................................................................................58
Vector Graphics (object-oriented graphics) ................................................................................................59
Digital Audio .......................................................................................................................................................60
Digital Video .......................................................................................................................................................61
Intellectual property.........................................................................................................................................61
Desktop Publishing and Word Processing ......................................................................................................62
Chapter 7: Databases ......................................................................................................................... 64
Databases ..........................................................................................................................................................64
Queries ................................................................................................................................................................67
Forms (data entry screens) ..............................................................................................................................67
Comma Separated Value (CSV) and Tab Separated Value (TSV) ............................................................67
Reports ................................................................................................................................................................68
Structured Query Language (SQL) ..................................................................................................................68
Issues: Integrity ....................................................................................................................................................68
Issues: Privacy ......................................................................................................................................................69
Issue: Security ......................................................................................................................................................70
Chapter 8: Models and Simulations .................................................................................................. 71
Computer Models .............................................................................................................................................71
High Performance Computing .......................................................................................................................72
Visualisation ........................................................................................................................................................72
Computer Simulations ......................................................................................................................................73
Chapter 9: Business and Employment .............................................................................................. 73
Traditional Business .............................................................................................................................................73
Teleworking ........................................................................................................................................................74
Spreadsheets .....................................................................................................................................................75
Banking and Digital Money .............................................................................................................................76
IT in Supermarkets ..............................................................................................................................................77
Online Business ....................................................................................................................................................77
Web Design .........................................................................................................................................................79
Publishing a Website ..........................................................................................................................................81
E-marketing ........................................................................................................................................................82
Transportation Business ......................................................................................................................................83
Chapter 10: Education ........................................................................................................................ 84
IT in Teaching and Learning .............................................................................................................................84
Hardware Technologies ....................................................................................................................................86
Provision for Special Needs ...............................................................................................................................86
Laptops in the Classroom .................................................................................................................................86
Chapter 11: Environment ................................................................................................................... 87
Data Logging ......................................................................................................................................................87
Environmental Impacts ....................................................................................................................................89
Electronic Waste (E-waste) ...............................................................................................................................89
Medical Advice ..................................................................................................................................................92
Medical Research ..............................................................................................................................................92
Psychological and Physical Considerations ...................................................................................................93
Chapter 13: Home and Leisure .......................................................................................................... 93
Smart Home Technology (Home Automation) ............................................................................................93
Digital Policing ....................................................................................................................................................93
Digital Entertainment .......................................................................................................................................94
Published and Broadcast Information ...........................................................................................................95
Digital Preservation ...........................................................................................................................................95
Chapter 14: Politics and Government .............................................................................................. 96
Government Control of the Internet ............................................................................................................96
E-Passports ...........................................................................................................................................................96
, Electronic Voting ................................................................................................................................................97
Online Government ..........................................................................................................................................97
Government Databases ..................................................................................................................................98
Military use of IT ..................................................................................................................................................98
