Exam (elaborations) CHEM 101 SOLUBILITY AND TEMPERATURE Gizmo Miguel Ortega (CHEM101)

Exam (elaborations) CHEM 101 SOLUBILITY AND TEMPERATURE Gizmo Miguel Ortega (CHEM101) Vocabulary​:​ concentration, dissolve, homogeneous mixture, solubility, solubility curve, solute, solution, solvent Prior Knowledge Questions ​(Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. What happens when you stir a spoonful of sugar into hot water? The sugar dissolves into the water. 2. When sugar or another substance is dissolved​ in water, it disappears from view and forms a homogeneous mixture​ with the water, also called a solution​. If you can’t see the sugar, how can you tell that it is there? The water tastes sweet and may appear slightly cloudy. 3. Does sugar dissolve more easily in hot water or cold water? Hot water Gizmo Warm-up A solution generally consists of two parts, a solute​ ​that is dissolved and a solvent​ that the solute is dissolved into. For example, sugar is a solute that is dissolved into the solvent water. In the Solubility and Temperature Gizmo™, you will study how temperature affects how much solute will dissolve in a solution. To begin, check that Potassium nitrate​ is selected and the Temp.​ of the water is 20 °C. Click OK​. 1. In this solution, what is the solute? Potassium nitrate What is the solvent? Water 2. Click Add 10 g​ to mix 10 g of potassium nitrate into the water. A. Did all of the potassium nitrate dissolve? Yes B. How can you tell? All of the potassium nitrate disappeared as it was stirred into the water. CHEM 101 SOLUBILITY AND TEMPERATURE Gizmo Miguel Ortega Activity A: Solubility Get the Gizmo ready: ● Click Reset​. ● Check that the Temp. ​is 20 °C and that Potassium nitrate​ is selected. Question: How do we find how much solute can be dissolved in a solvent? 1. Observe: Click OK​. Click Add 20 g​, and observe the potassium nitrate being mixed into the solution. On the right, select the BAR CHART tab and turn on Show numerical value​. The bars show how much solute has been added and how much has piled up on the bottom. Did all of the solute dissolve? Yes 2. Calculate: The concentration​ of a solution is equal to the mass of solute divided by the volume of solvent. Units of concentration are grams per 100 milliliters (g/100 mL, or g/dL). What is the concentration of this solution? 20 g/100 mL (or 20 g/dL) 3. Experiment: Click Add 20 g​ again. A. Did all of the solute dissolve? Explain how you can tell. No, some of the solute piled up on the bottom of the container. B. Based on the amount of solute added and the amount piled up on the bottom, how many grams of solute dissolved in the water? 30.65 grams of solute have dissolved. C. The solubility​ of the solution is equal to the maximum concentration of the solute. What is the solubility of potassium nitrate in 20 °C water? 30.65 g/100 mL 4. Experiment: Click Reset​, and select Sodium chloride​. With the Temp.​ still set to 20 °C, click OK​. Add sodium chloride to the beaker until it starts piling up at the bottom. A. How much sodium chloride did you add? 15.43 grams B. How much sodium chloride piled up at the bottom? 11.23 grams C. How much sodium chloride dissolved in the water? 36.66 grams D. What is the solubility of sodium chloride in 20 °C water? 36.66 g/100 mL Activity B: Solubility and temperature Get the Gizmo ready: ● Click Reset​. ● Set the Temp.​ to 10 °C. ● Select Potassium nitrate​, and click OK​. Question: How does temperature of the solvent affect solubility? 1. Predict: Based on your own experience, how do you expect temperature to affect solubility? solubility increases as temperature increases 2. Gather data: Use the Gizmo to measure the solubility of potassium nitrate at each temperature given in the table below. Then, graph the resulting solubility curve​ at right. Temperature Solubility (g/100 mL) 10 °C 20.54 g/100 mL 20 °C 30.65 g/100 mL 30 °C 44.44 g/100 mL 40 °C 61.91 g/100 mL 50 °C 83.06 g/100 mL 60 °C 107.89 g/100 mL 70 °C 136.40 g/100 mL 80 °C 168.59 g/100 mL 90 °C 204.47 g/100 mL 3. Infer: Based on your graph, what would you predict is the solubility of potassium nitrate at a temperature of 5 °C? 95 °C? Check your 5 °C prediction with the Gizmo. 5 °C predicted solubility: 5 °C actual solubility: 16.86 g/100 mL 95 °C predicted solubility: 4. Explain: Potassium nitrate absorbs a large amount of heat energy from the water as it dissolves. How does this explain the solubility curve you graphed for potassium nitrate? The greater the water temperature, the greater the amount of heat energy is available to dissolve the potassium nitrate. Therefore, the solubility of potassium nitrate increases as the water temperature rises