PSY 2012 Quizzes Chapters 1-16 (Questions and Answers)

PSY2012 Quizzes Chapters 1-16Although the bulk of psychology focuses on human behavior, studying animal behavior has been an essential part of the discipline that allows for ____. PSY 2012 REVIEW WITH ANSWERS Ch. 1 • Question 1 Ancient Greek philosophers ____. Functionalism emerged partly in response to the publication of ____. Contrary to popular belief during his time, Hermann von Helmholtz’s work on nerve conduction showed that ____. Between the17th and 19th centuries, supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: ____. The psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction is called ____ psychology. When psychologists examine psychological phenomena from different perspectives, it ____. Which of the following research questions is most likely to be asked by a cognitive psychologist? The psychology family tree includes two major roots: ____. It is difficult for others to confirm an individual’s subjective introspections; therefore, this approach does not lend itself well to ____. The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors is called ____. Which leading behaviorist proposed the law of effect? A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the trenches in World War I were highly anxious, fearful of loud noises, and having difficulty reconnecting with their families. He asks them to record personal observations of their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a journal. This process is called ____. Walter is applying to graduate programs in psychology and is curious about current trends in the field. What trend is occurring in many psychology graduate school programs? What is the psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind, behavior, and their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology? Most philosophers beginning with Aristotle commonly believed that all knowledge is ____. Science is best described as a(n) ____ enterprise. A newspaper headline reads, “Are intellectual pursuits the key to preventing Alzheimer’s disease?” The researchers scanned the brains of healthy seniors with no memory loss and asked the seniors to recall how much reading, writing, and game-playing they did in childhood. Those who reported doing daily brain activities from a young age had very low levels of amyloid plaques, which are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following best describes this study’s findings? The numerical average of a set of scores is the ____. A method for assessing age-related changes that combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by observing a cross-section of participants over a relatively limited period of time is called a ____. Neil has gathered data regarding self-report of successful smoking cessation. He finds that one of the eight methods used by study participants accounts for a high proportion of the successes. The most useful measure of central tendency to report would be the ____. A group that experiences all experimental procedures with the exception of exposure to the independent variable is called a ____. Which of the following term is most synonymous with “reliability”? A variable that is irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested and can alter a researcher’s conclusions is called a(n) ____. A subset of a population being studied is called a ____. Professor Frankel is an editor for a psychology journal. She is considering which submissions to send out for peer review. Which of the following submissions is likely to receive the strongest consideration based on its research methods? Tomoko is developing a survey regarding anger management. Respondents rate their level of agreement with each item on a scale of one to five. Item 4 states: “Given enough provocation, I may swear at a friend or family member.” Item 12 states: “I can think of no good reason for ever swearing at a friend or family member.” These questions seek to determine ____. An experimental study focuses on the effects that the amount of exercise has on the number of calories consumed per day. The number of calories that a participant consumes is represented by the ____. The halfway mark in a set of data, with half of the scores above and half below, is the ____. A factor that has a range of values is called a ____. Melanie, a graduate student working in a neuroscience lab, grows neurons in a petri dish to study the effects of environmental toxins on neuronal communication. During one of Melanie’s experiments, she accidentally damages the axon of a neuron. What will be an immediate consequence of this mishap? Before contemporary research methods were available, ____ provided significant advancements in our understanding of the nervous system. The ____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that brings sensory information to the central nervous system and transmits commands to the muscles. Hormones released from the ____ gland control the production and release of sex hormones by the ovaries and testes, initiating puberty and maintaining fertility. Junko’s grandmother survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her ____. A(n) ____ is a neuron that carries information from the external environment, or from the body, back to the central nervous system. The ____ lobe in the cerebral cortex curves around the side of each hemisphere and is the location of the primary ____ cortex. Molly, a second year neuroscience graduate student, treats neurons grown in a petri dish with drugs that “block” the function of neuronal receptors. What is a consequence of the drug treatment? The relationship between neurons and glia is similar to the relationship between ____. Marcus is excited to be working in the laboratory of Dr. Flores, an expert on electrical signaling in neurons. However, he is surprised to learn that the research is done on squid axons placed in sea water. He asks Dr. Flores the reasons for this. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Dr. Flores provides? Georgio is jogging barefoot along the beach when he suddenly steps on the sharp edge of a broken shell. He instantly feels pain due to the message carried to his brain by ____. He then slowly walks home with an achy foot. The message of the ache is carried by ____. Endorphin, short for “endogenous morphine,” is a neurotransmitter involved in ____. Why is the primary motor cortex important for the control of movement? Doris’s heart suddenly races as a speeding car nearly collides with hers on the highway. Which neurotransmitter is playing a role in this response? ____ is a neurotransmitter that participates in movement, planning, and reward. On a class trip to the Art Institute of Chicago, Sami is entranced by the painting, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, by Georges-Pierre Seurat. He is amazed that although the painting is constructed of individual dots of color, the objects in the painting are easily recognizable. According to Gestalt psychology, which of the following best explains this phenomenon? Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the ____. Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is ____. Adele is planning to paint the walls in her room over spring break. She studies several color samples and is trying to decide between yellow, green, and blue hues. What light wave attribute allows Adele to differentiate between these colors? The primary colors of light are ____. The best term to describe how the monocular depth cue of occlusion works would be ________. What anatomical feature of the retina supports the opponent theory of color recognition? Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view? The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the ____. What is the role of the amygdala in processing visual information? Maria is the victim of an armed robbery. She is called into the police station to identify her assailant from a line-up of men. She correctly reports that none of the men were her attacker. This illustrates the concept of a(n) ____. How do sensory systems differ for humans versus nonhuman animals? The ability of an infant to use a binocular depth cue to use the relative size of objects to determine their distance first appears around _______ months of age. Bottom-up processing involves the ____. What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech? Which feature of the eye is analogous to a hole in the center of a donut? Which theory suggests that input from touch fibers competes with input from pain receptors, possibly preventing pain messages from reaching the brain? Doug lost his left leg in an automobile accident several months ago. He tells his wife that when he was shaving his face one morning, he felt the same scraping sensation on his missing leg. What may account for Doug’s phantom limb sensation? Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow; Maher hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Maher to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed ____. Which disorder is correlated with individuals spending a greater portion of their sleeping time in REM? What is the physiological basis for night terrors? What is the evidence to suggest that abrupt changes to one’s daily schedule are detrimental to human behavior? What is true of opiates? Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition termed ____. Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina’s awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation? Methylphenidate is more commonly known by its trade name ________. Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and tells him, “Where am I? This isn’t our bedroom.” After a visit to the emergency room, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe. Of the following, for which has hypnosis been found an effective intervention? Dharni lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. What effect is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to have on Dharni? Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora utilizing? Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____. Imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____ functions. Dr. Sanchez is a behavioral psychologist who studies learning and memory in rats. Because rats are most active at night, she asks the animal resource facility to reverse their light dark cycle to accommodate her experiments. However, the animal facility is reluctant to disrupt the rats’ current ____, which lasts for “about a day.” Selena weeds her garden while thinking about what she will wear to her daughter’s graduation ceremony. What brain network is engaged while Selena daydreams? A shift in one’s circadian rhythm during adolescence, which leads to peak alertness at night, is thought to correlate with ____. In one study (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), students who were told that a personality test revealed that they were “the type likely to end up alone later in life” were more likely to ____. Consider the case of Eliot (Damasio, 1994), who had frontal lobe surgery to remove a tumor. What did we learn with regard to the brain’s use of emotional information? 5 out of 5 points As many as ____% of individuals with eating disorders today are males. Interested in losing weight, Patrick seeks the advice of his doctor. Dr. Burns recommends a medication that can help Patrick by inhibiting the absorption of fats by the digestive tract. What medication is Patrick’s doctor recommending? The emotional quality of pain likely results from information processing at which level of the brain? As part of his honor’s thesis, Braydon develops a survey to evaluate the update of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs by Kenrick and colleagues (2010). Braydon is most interested in determining if men and women differ in the highest level of motivation, which is ____. How does motivation offer a survival advantage? According to the Yerkes Dodson law, ____ (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). Baby Alec squints his face, squeezes his fists, and tightens up his body muscles. His mother immediately runs over to try to soothe him. Alec’s actions demonstrate that ____. According to research (Bryant & Haselton, 2009), women who are ovulating are more likely to ____. The binge purge cycling of bulimia nervosa involves processes similar to those of ____. We can think of motivation as a process that maintains ____. Sexual orientation is best defined as ____. Suppose that it is 1964, and that Betty, a homemaker who put on weight with each of her three pregnancies, wants to lose 20 pounds. What medication would have been prescribed to Betty at that time to help her lose weight? Following a serious automobile accident several months ago, Lata is not able to read her bosses facial expressions to determine if he is happy or disappointed with her performance. Lata likely suffered damage to her ____. Incentive theories of motivation are to ____ as drive theories are to ____. What is the connection between romantic love and sexual desire? Drive theories of motivation are often described as “____” theories because internal drives move an organism toward a goal. Hours into their cross-country road trip, Omar and Carl are famished. The two friends argue about what to do. Should they stop at a highway rest stop, or search for a place to eat in the nearest town? They decide to stop this time at a rest stop, and next time in town. How is motivation demonstrated in this scenario? Ira has a problem where he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friend and to damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Ira wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist .Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he “snaps” himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of ______ therapy. What is true of latent inhibition? Dr. Graham exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage, but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent. After several trials, upon smelling a vanilla scent, the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present. However, they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent. What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment? Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: (1) ignoring them; (2) encouraging and rewarding them for contributing to the class discussion; (3) removing their opportunities to participate in field trips; and (4) requiring them each to write an essay on proper behavior. In the order presented, list the operant conditioning principles she has applied to the situation. Who is likely to discontinue his or her behavior first if reinforcement completely stops? When he was 9 years old, Mike tried shrimp for the first time but fell very ill shortly thereafter. Within a few hours he was vomiting and was sick for the rest of the night. Now, years later, Mike cannot bring himself to eat shrimp. This is an example of ____. Why does associative learning provide an enormous survival advantage? In Garcia and Koelling’s taste aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill? Manuel is teaching his 3-year-old son Joey the alphabet song. Joey sings “A B C D J R P X Y Z.” This is an example of ____. Anna is called on by her professor to share the definition of long-term potentiation with the class. She states that it is the enhancement of communication between two neurotransmitters resulting from their synchronous activation. Her definition is inaccurate with regard to the use of the term ____. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the definition of the term forgetting? What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units? Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____. Which of the following techniques would be most helpful to Hannah while studying for her Gender and Society exam? After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev agree that it is easiest to meet at Bev’s dorm. Bev gives Anita her room number and passcode. Anita likely will be able to retain this information in short-term memory, without additional processing, for ____. The four components of working memory proposed by Baddeley et al. are called the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the ____ loop. In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through ____. Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of ____ memory. A set of expectations about objects and situations is called a(n) ____. Which of the following is believed to result from the storage of a list of items in long-term memory through rehearsal? Allan and Bob are debating the true meaning of the term memory. How does your textbook define this process? Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____. Ashley is studying a list of vocabulary words for her psychology exam. Which of the following would be most effective for recalling definitions during the exam? Which of the following is the best description of interference? The ectoderm develops into ____. Alexa is 15 years old. She is very involved in environmental issues, including broad issues such as finding alternatives to fossil fuels and the protection of biodiversity on the planet. According to Piaget, Alexa is in the ____ stage of cognitive development. The average age at which each motor milestone is met ____. During pregnancy, which organ provides the developing fetus with nutrients and oxygen, and protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins and disease-causing agents? The study of human development considers changes in behavior ____. During prenatal development the ______ begins to differentiate into the cells of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm? A spurt in myelination occurs between the ages of 6 and 13 years in parts of the brain associated with ____. What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby’s sensory capacities? In what order do the following steps of development occur? What is object permanence? According to the theory of Jean Piaget, how is egocentrism defined? During adolescence, which of the following reach(es) adult levels? We produce many more synapses than we need, and then retain only those that are used in a “use it or lose it” fashion. What does this demonstrate? Ch. 14 • Question 2 5 out of 5 points In the DSM-5, the criteria for antisocial personality disorder are ____. Selected Answer: b. quite similar to the definition of psychopathy • Question 3 5 out of 5 points Which of the following people is within a group that would have the highest chance of experiencing PTSD after witnessing the attacks on the twin towers of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001? Selected Answer: b. Esperanza, a Colombian woman, who recently moved to New York City and has few family members or friends there • Question 4 5 out of 5 points In brain imaging studies, people with antisocial personality disorder showed relatively little activity in the amygdala, which normally ____. Selected Answer: a. participates in recognition of fear and other negative emotions in others • Question 5 5 out of 5 points In the development of autism spectrum disorder, environmental factors are likely to interact with genetics, especially ____. Selected Answer: c. during sensitive periods of brain development • Question 7 5 out of 5 points Eileen works in a crowded downtown neighborhood. She constantly worries that her car will be stolen while she is at work, and repeatedly goes back and checks to see that it is locked before finally arriving at the office, frequently late. Her therapist explains that returning to her car so often is a way to reduce the anxiety created by her obsessive thoughts. This is a(n) ____. Selected Answer: d. learning explanation based on operant conditioning • Question 8 5 out of 5 points In order to understand the reciprocal relationships between factors that lead to psychological disorders, which is the most helpful perspective? Selected Answer: a. integrated • Question 9 5 out of 5 points Which of the following scenarios is most suggestive of someone who might intend to commit suicide? Selected Answer: d. Ethan gives his roommate his hardcover collection of Harry Potter books, saying, “I want you to have these.” • Question 10 5 out of 5 points Professor Hall is giving a surprise test in economics class. All other things being equal, which of the following students is likely to make the most errors on the exam? Selected Answer: b. Lorena, who is depressed that her boyfriend broke up with her and cannot stop thinking about how awful she feels • Question 12 5 out of 5 points What is borderline personality disorder? Selected Answer: a. a disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion • Question 13 5 out of 5 points Roy is a competitive snowboarder with a dream of being on the Olympic team someday. After a series of poor finishes and falls during competitions, he tells his parents that he was never very good, he will never make the Olympic team, and snowboarding is a stupid sport anyway. Inside he begins to think that he will never be happy doing anything but snowboarding, and that he must be a huge failure. His parents worry that he is becoming depressed. This is a ____. Selected Answer: d. cognitive theory of depression • Question 14 5 out of 5 points Body dysmorphic disorder shows a significant influence of ____. Selected Answer: b. heredity • Question 15 5 out of 5 points A dissociative disorder is characterized by disruptions in a person’s ____. Selected Answer: a. identity, memory, or consciousness • Question 16 5 out of 5 points One unfortunate result of the scientifically unsupported contention that vaccinations play a major role in the development of autism spectrum disorder is that in the first half of 2008, rates of ______ cases in the United States doubled as compared to the rates observed between 2000 and 2007. Selected Answer: b. measles • Question 17 5 out of 5 points Tony is 16. His oldest brother is in his twenties and is showing signs that the doctors now believe are related to schizophrenia. Tony and his friends enjoy relaxing by listening to music and smoking marijuana. How might this affect Tony’s risk of developing schizophrenia? Selected Answer: b. It will double his risk. • Question 18 5 out of 5 points One reliable correlate of schizophrenia is the presence of enlarged ventricles, which indicates that schizophrenia is associated with ____. Selected Answer: c. neural degeneration • Question 19 5 out of 5 points What is bipolar disorder? Selected Answer: a. a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression • Question 20 5 out of 5 points Of the following, who is demonstrating a compulsion? Ellen, who worries about the contamination on other people’s hands and on door knobs at her office Selected Answer: d. Andrew, who has a precise, daily coffee-making routine that cannot be disrupted Ch. 15 • QueQuestion 2 5 out of 5 points When it comes to the use of scientifically valid psychological treatments, what can we assume? Selected Answer: b. A lack of scientific support does not always prevent an approach from being widely used. • Question 3 5 out of 5 points Chandra, who is interested in the field of holistic medicine, attends a conference on hypnosis. During one seminar, she learned that hypnosis originated as a treatment for ____. Selected Answer: d. hysteria • Question 4 5 out of 5 points Juan has battled moderate depression for most of his life. He seeks out the help of a mental health professional, who recommends a form of psychotherapy known as brief therapy. What can Juan expect from this type of therapy? Selected Answer: c. The therapy will be based on solution-building rather than on problem-solving. • Question 5 5 out of 5 points Cognitive behavioral therapy has an excellent record of success, particularly in the treatment of ____. Selected Answer: c. major depressive disorder • Question 6 5 out of 5 points Genaya recently sought help for her obsessive-compulsive disorder after she found that she could not control her compulsion to pull out her hair. Her therapist, who uses behavioral techniques, suggested that when Genaya feels the overwhelming urge to pull out her hair, she should ____. Selected Answer: d. distract herself with a competing activity • Question 7 5 out of 5 points Bart was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia and has since started taking Thorazine. He meets with his doctor, Dr. Aimes, at a follow-up visit to evaluate his progress on Thorazine. Ultimately, Dr. Aimes decides to switch Bart to Clozaril. She explains to Bart that Clozaril will provide some advantages over Thorazine because it ____. Selected Answer: b. may alleviate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia • Question 8 5 out of 5 points Barbiturates were once commonly used to treat anxiety; however, they are not ideal because they ____. Selected Answer: a. are highly addictive • Question 9 5 out of 5 points Bart was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia and has since started taking Thorazine. He meets with his doctor, Dr. Aimes, at a follow-up visit to evaluate his progress on Thorazine. After deciding to switch Bart from Thorazine to Clozaril, Dr. Aimes tells Bart that she will need to meet with him again very soon to monitor a new batch of potential side effects, such as ____. Selected Answer: d. diabetes • Question 11 5 out of 5 points Which word best describes the role of the therapist in the humanistic approach to psychotherapy? Selected Answer: b. nondirective • Question 14 5 out of 5 points According to humanistic theories, much of human unhappiness results from ____. Selected Answer: c. conditional regard • Question 17 5 out of 5 points What is a major benefit of group therapy? Selected Answer: b. It can help to decrease the sense of isolation that can accompany a mental health struggle. • Question 18 5 out of 5 points Therapists face many challenges when counseling married couples. Compared with couples where infidelity is not an issue, how do couples dealing with infidelity fare in couple’s therapy? Selected Answer: b. Although they initially show more distress than faithful couples, they fare as well in therapy. • Question 19 5 out of 5 points In the 1950s, Henri Laborit encouraged his psychiatric colleagues to try phenothiazines on their psychotic patients. What led him to make this suggestion? Selected Answer: b. The drugs produced a calming effect on surgical patients. • Question 20 5 out of 5 points Person-centered therapy was developed by ____. Selected Answer: d. Carl Rogers Ch. 16 How does the text define resilience? Blake is trying very hard to quit smoking but his friend Javier still smokes, often while they watch sports events together on the television. Just the smell of Javier’s cigarette makes him crave a cigarette. What should he do? Three weeks after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, prevalence of PTSD among children in Sri Lanka ranged between 14% and 39% and could be predicted by variables such as family loss and severity of exposure. This finding indicates that ____. What was a finding in the study by Nedeltcheva and colleagues (2010) presented in the text regarding the interaction of sleep and diet? What is a stressor? Which group encouraged the shift from the study of the abnormal and unhealthy in psychology to the study of outstanding individuals and self-actualization? In the United States, which of the following persons is most likely to smoke? While hiking with a friend in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California, Lenny comes face-to-face with a young bear on the trail. Lenny rapidly enters the first stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome. His brainstem initiates the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which increases his vigilance and fear. This is part of his ____. Which of the following is most accurate regarding the trait of hope? The Holmes and Rahe scales have been used to predict vulnerability to physical illness and psychological disorder due to different stressors that are ____. One of the possible outcomes of chronic stress is prolonged high levels of circulating cortisol. What harmful effects might result? Very short-term bursts of stress can have a beneficial effect on many biological systems, including the _____ system, which is your body’s frontline defense against infection and cancer. What is the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome? Elizabeth’s boss removes her from a project team working on an important presentation because of repeated tardiness. Her response is to leave the office immediately and drown her sorrows by eating a pint of her favorite ice cream. This is an example of ____. Once the amygdala has identified a stimulus as potentially dangerous, it communicates with the ____. Which expression best illustrates the idiosyncratic nature of stress? What is one of the reasons that those who score highest on the “pleasant life,” without comparable scores on either the “good life” and/or the “meaningful life,” tend to be less happy?