Exploring Public Speaking 3rd Edition test bank

Table of Contents Introduction to Third Edition of Exploring Public Speaking iv Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking 1 1.1 – What is Public Speaking? 2 1.2 – Anxiety and Public Speaking 4 1.3 - Understanding the Process of Public Speaking 10 1.4 – The Value of Public Speaking in Your Life 15 1.5 – Getting Started in Public Speaking 16 Chapter 2: Audience Analysis and Listening 20 2.1 – The Importance of Audience Analysis 21 2.2 – Demographic Characteristics 21 2.3 – Psychographic Characteristics 29 2.4 – Contextual Factors of Audience Analysis 34 2.5 – Listening in Public Speaking Settings 36 Chapter 3: Ethics in Public Speaking 43 3.1 – Sources of Ethical Stances on Communication and Public Speaking 44 3.2 – Credibility and Ethics 48 3.3 – Plagiarism 50 Chapter 4: Developing Topics for Your Speech 60 4.1 – Getting Started with Your Topic and Purpose 61 4.2 – Formulating a Specific Purpose Statement 62 4.3 – Formulating a Central Idea Statement 68 4.4 – Problems to Avoid with Specific Purpose and Central Idea Statements 71 Chapter 5: Researching Your Speeches 77 5.1 – Primary and Secondary Research 78 5.2 – Research on the Internet 79 5.3 – Conducting Your Own Research 85 5.4 - Accessing Information Through a Library 88 Chapter 6: Organizing and Outlining Your Speech 95 6.1 – Why We Need Organization in Speeches 96 6.2 - Patterns of Organization 98 6.3 – Connective Statements 106 6.4 – Outlining 111 Chapter 7: Supporting Your Speech Ideas 114 7.1 – Why Supporting Materials are Needed 115 7.2 – Types of Supporting Materials 119 7.3 – Attention Factors and Supporting Material 133 Chapter 8: Introductions and Conclusions 139 8.1 – General Guidelines for Introductions and Conclusions 140 8.2 – Structuring the Introduction 141 8.3 – Examples of Introductions 152 8.4 – Structuring the Conclusion 154 8.5 – Examples of Conclusions 160 Chapter 9: Presentation Aids in Speaking 162 9.1 - What Are Presentation Aids? 163 9.2 – Functions of Presentation Aids 164 9.3 – Types of Presentation Aids 172 9.4 – Using Presentation Slides 187 9.5 – Low-Tech Presentation Aids 198 Chapter 10: Language 202 10.1 – What Language Is and Does 203 10.2 – Standards for Language in Public Speaking 206 10.3 – Developing Your Ability to Use Effective Language in Public Speaking 217 Chapter 11: Delivery 220 11.1 – The Importance of Delivery 221 11.2 – Methods of Speech Delivery 222 11.3 – Preparing For Your Delivery 225 11.4 – Practicing Your Delivery 231 11.5 – What to Do When Delivering Your Speech 234 Chapter 12: Informative Speaking 244 12.1 – What is an Informative Speech? 245 12.2 – Types of Informative Speeches 246 12.3 – Guidelines for Selecting an Informative Speech Topic 250 12.4 – Guidelines for Preparing an Informative Speech 252 Sample Outline: Informative Speech on Lord Byron 254 Sample Outline: Informative Speech on Haunted Places in Gettysburg 257 Chapter 13: Persuasive Speaking 260 13.1 – Why Persuade? 261 13.2 – A Definition of Persuasion 261 13.3 – Why is Persuasion Hard? 265 13.4 – Traditional Views of Persuasion 268 13.5 – Constructing a Persuasive Speech 271 Sample Outline: Persuasive Speech on Facebook Usage 281 Chapter 14: Logical Reasoning 284 14.1 – What is Correct Reasoning? 285 14.2 – Inductive Reasoning 286 14.3 – Deductive Reasoning 290 14.4 – Logical Fallacies 293 Chapter 15: Special Occasion Speaking 302 15.1 – Understanding Special Occasion Speeches 303 15.2 – Types of Special Occasion Speeches 305 15.3 – Special Occasion Language 317 15.4 – Special Occasion Delivery 318 Appendix A: Cultural Diversity in Public Speaking 322 Benefits and Challenges 322 Implications 325 Appendix B: Succeeding as a College Student 328 Part 1: How To Be a College Student 328 Part 2: Learning to Learn 341 Part 3: Reading Your Textbooks and Other Resources 353 Part 4: Effective Memorization 356 Part 5: Test Anxiety/Speech Anxiety 359 Part 6: Test-taking 360 Part 7: Avoiding Plagiarism 364 Appendix C: Public Speaking Online 369 Preparation for Online Speaking 369 During the Web Speech 371 Ending 372 Speaking for an Online Class 372 Appendix D: Humor Appendix (is that anything like the funny bone?) 374 Humor and Audiences: Positives and Negatives 374 Humorous Speaking Tips 375 Appendix E: APA Citation 378 E.1– Citation 378 E.2—When to Cite 379 E.3- Elements of Citation 379 E.4-APA Resources 380 E.5-Reference List 380 Appendix F: Research with Dalton State Library Resources 384 “GIL-Find,” the Library Catalog 384 GALILEO 387 What to Do with All These Sources 391 Appendix G: Glossary 392 Appendix H: References 403 Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, the student will be able to: • Define public speaking, channel, feedback, noise, encode, decode, symbol, denotative, and connotative; • Explain what distinguishes public speaking from other modes of com- munication; • List the elements of the communication process; • Explain the origins of anxiety in public speaking; • Apply some strategies for dealing with personal anxiety about public speaking; • Discuss why public speaking is part of the curriculum at this college and important in personal and professional life. Chapter Preview 1.1 – What is Public Speaking? 1.2 – Anxiety and Public Speaking 1.3 – Understanding the Process of Public Speaking 1.4 – The Value of Public Speaking in Your Life 1.5 – Getting Started in Public Speaking 1.1 – What is Public Speaking? What is your mental picture when you think about “public speaking?” The President of the United States delivering an inaugural address? A sales representative seeking to persuade clients in a board room? Your minister, priest, or rabbi presenting a sermon at a worship service? Your professor lecturing? A dramatic courtroom scene, probably from Law & Order? Pol- iticians debating before an election? A comedian doing stand-up at a night club? All of these and more are instances of public speaking. Be assured that public speaking takes many forms every day in our country and across the world. Now let’s get personal: Do you see yourself as a public speaker? And when you do, do you see yourself as confident, prepared, and effective? Or do you see a person who is nervous, unsure of what to say, and feeling as if they are failing to get their message across? You find yourself in this Fundamentals of Speech course and probably have mixed emotions. More than likely, it is required for graduation in your major. Perhaps you have taken a formal public speaking course before. Although they are not as common in secondary education as in colleges (Education Commission of the States, 2015), public speaking instruction may have been part of your high school experience. Maybe you competed in debate or individual speaking events or you have acted in plays. These activities can help you in this course, especially in terms of confidence and delivery. On the other hand, it might be that the only public speaking experience you have had felt like a failure and therefore left you embarrassed and wanting to forget it and stay far away from public speaking. It might have been years ago, but the feeling still stays with you. This class is not some- thing you have been looking forward to, and you may have put it off. May- be your attitude is, “Let’s just get it over with.” You might think that it’s just another course you have to “get through” in order to study your ma- jor—what really interests you—and start a career in your field. These are all understandable emotions because, as you have probably heard or read, polls indicate public speaking is one of the things Amer- icans fear the most. As Jerry Seinfeld has said in his stand-up comedy routine, According to most studies, people’s number one fear is public speaking. Number two is death. Death is number two. Does that sound right? This means to the average person, if you go to a fu- neral, you’re better off in the casket than doing the eulogy. While it is a stretch to think that most people fear death less than giving a short speech, aversion toward public speaking situations and tasks is common. Before we go any further, though, what do we mean by “public speaking?” The most obvious answer is “talking in front of a group of people.” For the purposes of this class and this book, public speaking is more formal than that. Public speaking is an organized, face-to-face, prepared, in- tentional (purposeful) attempt to inform, entertain, or persuade a group of people (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids. In almost all cases, the speaker is the focus of attention for a specific amount of time. There still may be some back-and- forth interaction, such as questions and answers with the audience, but the speaker usually holds the responsibility to direct that interaction either during or after the prepared speech has concluded. As Stephen A. Lucas (2015) has written, public speaking is an “enlarged conversation,” and as such it has some similarities to conversations but some major differences, too. As a conversation, it has elements of: • awareness of and sensitivity toward your audience (in this case, more than one person); • an exchange of explicit messages about content (facts, ideas, infor- mation) and less explicit ones about relationship (how you relate to one another, such as trust, liking, respect);[this content/relationship dichotomy will come up again in this book and is characteristic of all communication]; • a dependence on feedback to know if you are successful in being un- derstood (usually nonverbal in public speaking, but still present); • the fact that the public speaking communication is (almost always) face-to-face rather than mediated (through a computer, telephone, mass media, or writing).