Portage Learning BIO 231 Path 231 exams reviews,100% CORRECT

Portage Learning BIO 231 Path 231 exams reviews Question 1 True/False: Persistent metaplasia can lead to dysplasia. True False True/False: Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia. True Correct Answer False True/False: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a type of dysplasia. True False True/False: Endometrial hyperplasia is a normal physiologic occurrence. True Correct Answer False Match the following: 1. Proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease a. Validity 2. How likely the same result will occur if repeated b. Reliability 3. How a tool measures what it is intended to measure c. Sensitivity 4. People without the disease who are negative on a given test d. Specificity Proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease How likely the same result will occur if repeated How a tool measures what it is intended to measure People without the disease who are negative on a given test Multiple Choice Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. It is involved in cellular respiration They are found far from the site of energy consumption They play a role in apoptosis They control free radicals Which of the following are true regarding cell communication? Select all that apply. Paracrine signaling depends on hormones Neurotransmitters act through synapses Enzyme linked receptors act through an on-off switch Autocrine signaling releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity Multiple Choice Which of the following are false of the cell? Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane. Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. The rough ER is the site for lipid synthesis. Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures. Which is true of the cytoskeleton? Select all that apply. It controls shape and movement Cilia and flagella are microtubule-filled cellular extensions It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes What factors are used by epidemiologic methods? Select all that apply. How disease is spread How to control disease How to prevent disease How to eliminate disease How to treat disease All of the above None of the above Multiple Choice A patient complains of a sore throat and headache. What are these examples of? Signs Symptoms Both A & B Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT helpful to the clinician to make a diagnosis? Detailed history Physical exam Correct Answer Evidence based practice Laboratory tests Question 13 0 / 2.5 pts Multiple Choice Chemical agents (poison, alcohol) are examples of which of the following? Risk factors Clinical manifestations Pathogenesis Correct Answer Etiologic factors Define primary prevention and give an example: Your Answer: when the risk factors has to be remove to stop the disease from occurring example-eathing healthy / exercising to stay in shape or prevent heart disease.Giving vaccination to pervent disease in children The goal of primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring. Examples include taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets. Explain apoptosis and why it is necessary: Your Answer: apoptosis is the programmed of cell process is necessary for cell dividing because it is removing unwanted cells to make way for new cell. Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This process eliminates cells that are worn out, have been produced in excess, have developed improperly, or have genetic damage. Apoptosis is also responsible for several normal physiologic processes, like replacing cell in the intestinal villi and removing aging red blood cells. Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis. Your Answer: necrosis is when cell dies in an organ/tissues that is still alive .this process can interferes with the tissue regeneration and how cell can be replace. one type of necrosis is gengrenouse necrosis which can bowel or the lower extremities that may causes changes in tussue and it functions Necrosis refers to cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person. It often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration. Coagulative necrosis results most often from a sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ (ischemia), particularly the heart and kidney. Liquefactive necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. It is commonly seen with brain infarcts or abscesses. Caseous necrosis occurs as part of granulomatous inflammation and is most often associated with tuberculosis. Gangrenous necrosis most often affects the lower extremities or bowel and is secondary to vascular occlusion. The term gangrene is applied when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis. In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid. Match the type of cell injury to the cause. Some answers may be used more than once. (1 point each) 1. Sunburn a. Physical agents 2. Obesity b. Radiation injury 3. Reactive oxygen species c. Chemical injury 4. Low oxygen to tissues d. Biologic agents 5. Fractures e. Nutritional imbalances 6. OTC drugs f. Free radical injury 7. Hypothermia g. Hypoxic cell injury 8. Radiation treatment 9. Lead toxicity 10. Bacteria Sunburn Obesity Reactive oxygen species Correct Answer f. Free radical injury Low oxygen to tissues Fractures OTC drugs Hypothermia Radiation treatment Lead toxicity Bacteria List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each. Your Answer: nervours tissue-can be find throughout the body and it's used for communication. muscle tissue connective tissue epithelial-(covers the outer surface of the body and lines the inner surfaces. Epithelial tissue covers the body’s outer surface, lines the inner surfaces, and forms glandular tissue. Epithelial tissue has three distinct surfaces and the basal surface is attached to an underlying basement membrane. It is avascular, meaning without blood vessels. It receives oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries of the connective tissue on which it rests. Connective or supportive tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body. It connects and binds or supports the various tissues. Its cells produce the extracellular matrix that support and hold tissues together. Connective tissue is divided into two types: connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, and blood cells). The four types of connective tissue proper are loose (areolar), adipose, reticular, and dense connective tissue. The function of muscle tissue is to move the skeletal structures, pump blood through the heart, and contract the blood vessels and visceral organs. Muscle tissue can accomplish this by contraction. The two types of fibers that contract are called thin and thick filaments. Thin filaments are called actin, and the thick filaments are myosin. The three types of muscles tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Nervous tissue is distributed throughout the body for communication. It provides the means for controlling body function and for sensing and moving about the environment. The two types of cells are neuron and glial cells. Neurons function is communication. Glial (meaning glue) cells support the neurons. What term means “cell eating” and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other particulate matter? Your Answer: cell eating is refered to phagocytosis Phagocytosis What term means “cell drinking,” and engulfs small solid or fluid particles, as seen with proteins and electrolytes? Your Answer: cell drinking is refrered to pinocytosis Pinocytosis Give one function of a membrane potential: Your Answer: membrane potential can causes music contractions Generate nerve impulse, muscle contractions, or cause hormone secretion What is the term that best describes the following process? A transport protein aiding a lipid insoluble or large molecule across the cell membrane that would otherwise not be able to pass through on its own. Your Answer: Facilitated diffusion facilitated diffusion Exam 2 True/False: Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? Your Answer: false,because tumor are usually elevated in benign conditions ,and in the early stages of malignancy they can't be elevated. False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or reoccurrence. What is the most important procedure in diagnosing the correct cancer and histology? Your Answer: tissue biopsy because they play a critical role in dignosing the right cancer and histology tissue biopsy Explain the TNM system: Your Answer: is a staging system that was created by AJCC for the help study cancer.It is also very effective in classifieng cancers tumor componments. Classification goes as such: T relates to the local spread of the primary of the tumor and the size N relates to the involvement of the regional/location of the lymph nodes M is the extent of the metastatic invilvement T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor. N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes. M is the extent of the metastatic involvement. 1. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer diagnosis: 2. What are two side effects commonly experienced by cancer patients? Your Answer: 1) Bleeding and weight loss 2) hair loss and sleep disturbances 1. Bleeding; sore that doesn’t heal; fluid in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces; chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal discomfort or swelling. Other possible answers can include a mass or lump, pain (need to be specific), fatigue, fevers, weight loss 2. Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances 1. What are the three possible goals of cancer treatment? 2. How does radiation kill cancer cells? Your Answer: 1) the three goal is to curative,control and palliative 2) radiation kill cancer cells by using high energy/waves particles to destroy/damage cancer cells.However this treatment can sometimes interrupt the cells cycle by killing good cells or damaging DNA cells 1. Curative, control, palliative 2. Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells. This leads to the creation of free radicals, which damage cell structures. Radiation can interrupt the cell cycle process, kill cells, or damage DNA in the cells. True/False: Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types. True False False, cell differentiation True/False: Cell differentiation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types. Correct Answer True False This type of cell remains incompletely differentiated throughout life: Your Answer: stem cell stem cell These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide: Your Answer: they are progenitor progenitor or parent cells What is angiogenesis? Why do tumors need it? Your Answer: angiogenesis is the delovement of new blood vessels with a tumor and tumorns need angiogenesis to grow development of new blood vessels within the tumor. They need it to continue to grow. What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated? Your Answer: proto-oncogenes protooncogenes What is a tumor suppressor gene? Give one example. Your Answer: they're gene that are associated with gene underactivity because of this it slows down cell division or may tell cell when to die. Tumor suppressor genes are associated with gene underactivity. These genes slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die. BRCA1 or 2, TP53 A 40-year-old woman has experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. She was told she has a uterine tumor called a leiomyoma. She is worried she has cancer. What do you tell her? Explain at least 2 differences between a benign and malignant tumor. Your Answer: I will tell her not to worry because leiomyoma is a non-cancerous tumor and it can be surgically remove and to always have a regular doctor visit two differences between a benign and malignant tumor is that has a well-differentiated cells and have slow progressive growth rate.Malignant tumor is more aggressive because it destroy tissue,grows rapidly and spread to other body parts and lacks well defined margins Leiomyoma is a benign tumor. (Leiomyosarcoma is malignant) Student can add any of the following: Benign tumors are well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues of origin, and have a slow, progressive rate of growth. They grow by expansion and remain localized to their site of origin, not capable of metastasizing. They develop a rim of connective tissue around the tumor called a fibrous capsule, which aids in surgical removal. Benign tumors are less of a threat unless they interfere with vital functions Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy tissue. They grow rapidly, spread to other parts of the body, and lack well-defined margins. They can compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue injury. Surgery can be more difficult if it has spread. A 62-year-old man with a 30-pack year smoking history is diagnosed with small cell lung cancer with metastasis to the bone. (1) Explain the process of how cancer spreads metastatically. (2) What symptoms might he have presented with? (3) Which screening test would he have benefited from? Your Answer: 1) cancern that are spreads by metastatically is loose from the primary tumor that have extracellular matrix from the surrounding tumor,or has gain access to the blood vessle which it can grow and establish a blood supply. 2 some symptoms that may be presented are shortness of breath,chest or bone pain and cough 3) hw benefited from low dose chest CT that could be done yearly (1) Metastasis- a cancer cell must break loose from the primary tumor, invade the surrounding extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel, survive its passage in the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the surrounding tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply. (2) Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, bone pain. (3) Yearly low-dose chest CT. Malignant tumors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply. Variable rate of growth Spreads by metastasis Well-differentiated cells Fibrous capsule What are molecular and cellular mechanisms in genes that increase susceptibility to cancer? Select all that apply. Correct Answer Lack of cellular senescence Angiogenesis Ability to undergo apoptosis Mutations in growth factor signaling pathways Intact DNA repair genes List 4 of the 7 risk factors linked to cancer as stated in the module. Your Answer: 1) obesity 2) hormonal factors 3)environmental agents 4) cancer causing viruses Heredity, hormonal factors, obesity, immunologic mechanisms, environmental agents such as chemicals, radiation, and cancer-causing viruses. List three characteristics of cancer cells and briefly explain what it means: Your Answer: cancer cells grow in an altered cell differentiation and growth which can also be called neoplasia they can have a neoplasm growth where normal tissue lacks regulatory controls cancer cells also have genetic abnormalities that causes uncontrollble proliferation and can cause normal call or benign tumors into malignant tumors Answer: Any of the following Anaplasia is the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue. Genetic instability means they have a high frequency of mutations. Growth factor independence means cancer cells can proliferate even in the absence of growth factors. Cell density-dependent inhibition means cancer cell don’t stop growing when they come into contact with each other. Cell cohesiveness and adhesion means they don’t stick together. Anchorage dependence means cancer cells aren’t anchored to neighboring cells or the underlying matrix to live and grow. Cell-to-cell communication in cancer cells is poor, which interferes with intercellular connections and responsiveness to membrane-derived signals. Life span is unlimited – cancer cells are immortal. Antigen expression -cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or antigens that are immunologically identified as foreign. Cancer cells can produce enzymes, hormones, and other substances that the tissues of origin either does not produce or produces in much smaller amounts. Cancer cells can show cytoskeletal changes or abnormalities. This includes abnormal intermediate filament types or changes in actin filaments and microtubules that help with invasion and metastasis. Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing cancer? Sunscreen Obesity HPV High red meat intake All of the following viral agents are correctly paired with the associated lesion except: Human papillomavirus (HPV): genital warts Epstein-Barr virus: carcinoma of the cervix Epstein Barr is linked to Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer. Cervical carcinoma is linked to HPV. Hepatitis B virus: hepatocellular carcinoma Human herpes virus-8: Kaposi sarcoma List one example of screening for each method: observation, palpation, and lab test/procedure: Your Answer: observation-external genitalia palpation-lymph nodes lab test/procedure-pap smear Observation: skin, mouth, external genitalia Palpation: breast, thyroid, rectum and anus, prostate, lymph nodes Laboratory tests and procedures: Pap smear, colonoscopy, mammography Exam 3 Short answer Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders. Your Answer: since there are too many autoimmune disorder,diagnosing is made by serological finding,history or physical testing could have been a good way to test but since some blood are more generic can be elevated to show other diseases therefore it best go by finding that are listed. There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn’t perfect either, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases. Multiple choice: Which cell is the first responder to phagocytose a foreign invader? Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil Dendritic cell Multiple Choice: What are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune response? Antibodies Antigens Neutrophils Lymphocytes B lymphocytes produce what type of immunity? Your Answer: humoral immunity humoral Multiple Choice: Which immunoglobulin is responsible in inflammation and allergic responses and combating parasitic infections? IgM IgE IgA IgD IgG Multiple Choice: Which cell type is an early responder and the most abundant in the body? Lymphocytes Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils Multiple Choice: Which is NOT a finding consistent with Graves’ disease? Exophthalmos Hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism Goiter Corneal ulceration A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring when the pollen count is high. (1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms. (2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms? Your Answer: it can be a cause od Type I hypersensitivety/ IGE as well as allergy, which is responisible for her symptoms and treatment such as penicillin or some allergy medications (1) Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play an important role in the development of type I reactions because they contain the chemical mediator histamine. A primary or initial- phase response is vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction. A secondary or late-phase response is characterized by more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells, as well as tissue damage. (2) Antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment. True/False: An antibiotic alone will heal an abscess. If false explain why: Your Answer: false,because there be some pus in there that need ro be drained to make sure that the area don't infected false, antibiotics can’t penetrate the abscess wall, so incision and drainage are necessary. Multiple Choice: An appendectomy is performed on a 16-year-old boy who is hospitalized for right lower quadrant abdominal pain of 18 hours’ duration. The surgical specimen is edematous and erythematous. An infiltrate of which of the following cells would be most characteristic of the process occurring here? Neutrophils Neutrophils are the most characteristic cellular component of the early stages of acute inflammation. Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes True/False: During inflammation, blood vessels constrict to minimize tissue damage. True Correct Answer False True/False: Active immunity provides long lasting protection. Correct Answer True False True/False: B lymphocytes normally produce antibodies against host tissues. True Correct Answer False Antibodies are also known as ? Your Answer: immunoglobulins immunoglobulins Multiple Choice: Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions can be treated with the administration of epinephrine? Type I Type II Type III Type IV Multiple Choice: Which is NOT a type of type II hypersensitivity reaction? Correct Answer Antigen-mediated cellular inflammation antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction Complement- and antibody-mediated inflammation antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity complement-activated cell destruction Multiple Choice: A finding of diagnostic significance is the well-known association of HLA-B27 antigen with which of the following disorders? Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Ankylosing spondylitis HLA-B27 antigen is found in almost 90% of patients with ankylosing spondylitis Graves’ disease Short answer: What are autoantibodies? Your Answer: when the immune system don't have the ability to recognize itself and produces autoantibodies that acts againist host tissues Answer: In many autoimmune diseases, the immune system loses its ability to recognize self and produces what is called autoantibodies, which act against host tissues. 1, A 32-year-old woman presents to the clinic for her initial obstetrics visit, about 10 weeks into her pregnancy. She is in a monogamous relationship. (1) Should an HIV test be part of her initial blood work? Why? 2. An infant is born, and its initial antibody test is positive for HIV. (2) Does this mean the infant is infected? What would be the more appropriate test to detect HIV in this infant? Your Answer: Although she's in a monogamous relationship and have one partner it is still a good idea to test for HIV in her initial blood work because if tested positive,it can be transmet directly to the baby through birth or in the mother milk while breastfeeding. 2) yes,the baby has been infected most likely the virus has been transmission from it's mother,and the most appropriate test to detect HIV in this infants will be to use the DNA/RNA polymerase cain reaction (PCR) becaue the infants would still have ther mother's antibodies 1. Yes. Transmission from mother to infant is the most common way that children become infected. The CDC recommends all people between ages 13 and 64 be routinely screened for HIV. Earlier detection and treatment lead to better outcomes. 2. No. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is a nucleic acid test that can detect HIV DNA. It tests for the presence of the virus, rather than the antibody, which is helpful in diagnosing HIV infection in infants born to infected mothers. These infants would have their mother’s antibodies whether or not they have been infected. Multiple Choice: Which of the following will promote wound healing? Malnutrition Increased blood flow Infection Foreign bodies Multiple Choice: Which of the following cells is a permanent cell? Epidermal cell Hepatocyte Intestinal mucosal cell Neuron Renal tubular cell Fill in the blank As the CD4 T cell count decreases, the body becomes susceptible to . Your Answer: opportunistic infections Answer: opportunistic infections The time between HIV infection and seroconversion is called what? Your Answer: the window period Answer: the window period True/False: A person with HIV is not infectious when they are asymptomatic. True False True/False: The T cells that display the host’s MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. True Correct Answer False Multiple Choice: What cell mediator is the primary cause of vasodilation seen in acute inflammation? Endothelial cells Platelets Correct Answer Histamine Neutrophils Multiple Choice: Which cell in the blood provides primary hemostasis? Platelets Endothelial cells Histamine Macrophages EXAM 4 The coagulation cascade involves each of the following except: Make thrombocytes Activate the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways Convert fibrinogen to fibrin Convert prothrombin to thrombin Which of the following are natural anticoagulants? Select all that apply. Factor II Factor VII Factor IX Factor X Protein C Protein S Which of the following is NOT a hypercoagulable state? Select all that apply. Oral contraceptive use Mutation of prothrombin gene Hemophilia A Correct Answer Hemophilia B Immobility Which of the following are TRUE of hemophilia A? Select all that apply. Spontaneous joint bleeding can occur The platelet count is decreased Aspirin and NSAIDS are the mainstay of treatment The PTT is increased Well-known causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) include each of the following conditions except: Retained dead fetus Carcinoma Gram-negative sepsis Heparin administration Which of the following increases the strength of the muscular contraction? Wall tension Correct Answer Inotropic influence Peripheral vascular resistance Hypoxia Which of the following is true of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the kidneys Angiotensin II is a potent vasodilator Angiotensin II increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney by stimulating the secretion of aldosterone The PVR is decreased Which of the following terms refers to the pressure the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta? Afterload Inotrope Preload Ejection fraction Multiple Choice What is the most specific test for diagnosing iron deficiency anemia? Ferritin RBC Total iron binding capacity Hematocrit Multiple Choice What are the two most common causes of macrocytic anemia? Iron deficiency anemia, Thalassemias Folate deficiency, Sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease, Vitamin B12 deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency and Folate deficiency Multiple Choice Which of the following is FALSE regarding sickle cell disease? Abnormality of HbS gene Blood vessel occlusion is a complication Average red cell lifespan is 60 days Can lead to encapsulated infections Multiple Choice: A 23-year-old African-American man with a history of severe lifelong anemia requiring many transfusions has nonhealing leg ulcers and recurrent periods of abdominal and chest pain. These signs and symptoms are most likely to be associated with which one of the following laboratory abnormalities? Sickle cells on peripheral blood smear Loss of intrinsic factor Decreased erythropoietin Decreased ferritin Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? Vitamin B12 is bound to intrinsic factor Peripheral neuropathy can be a result of deficiency Correct Answer Dietary deficiencies are common MCV is elevated Multiple Choice: Each of the following are risk factors for secondary hyperlipidemia except? Obesity Diabetes mellitus High cholesterol diet Autosomal dominant disorder of LDL receptor Multiple Choice: Lifestyle changes to treat hyperlipidemia include each of the following except: Increase physical activity Correct Answer Increase red meat consumption Smoking cessation Weight reduction Multiple Choice: Which of the following is true of fatty streaks of atherosclerotic lesions? Present in adults only Can be symptomatic Form scar tissue and calcifications Consist of macrophages and smooth muscle cells Multiple Choice: 1. The three major determinants of myocardial oxygen demand (MVO2) include each of the following except: a. Diastolic pressure b. Heart rate c. Left ventricular contractility d. Systolic pressure Fill in the Blank: 2. is the most important factor in myocardial oxygen demand. As this increases, myocardial oxygen consumption or demand also increases. Multiple Choice: 3. What is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock? a. Heart failure b. Cardiomyopathy c. Myocardial infarction d. Hypertension Multiple Choice: 4. Which does NOT occur during cardiogenic shock? a. Decreased cardiac output b. Hypotension c. Hypoperfusion d. Decreased systemic vascular resistance Your Answer: 1) A 2)heart rate 3) C 4) D 1. A 2. Heart rate 3. C 4. D 1. Explain how ventricular hypertrophy is an adaptive mechanism: 2. What happens during exercise in someone with coronary artery disease? Your Answer: 1 by increasing the cardica output or physical myocardial changes 2 they might have streangth the heart muscle and improve over all hearth or lower chances of heart attack 1. An increase in wall stress can be caused by an increase in preload or afterload. Ventricular hypertrophy is an adaptive mechanism by which the ventricle can offset the increase in wall stress. OR Blood pressure elevation increases the workload of the left ventricle by increasing the pressure against which the heart must pump as it ejects blood into the systemic circulation. Over time, the left ventricle hypertrophies to compensate for the increased pressure and work. 2. During exertion, the heart beats harder and faster to supply oxygen to the muscles. The coronary vessels vasodilate and increase blood flow to the cardiac muscle to meet its increased demand for oxygen. With atherosclerotic disease, the coronary vessel lumens are narrowed and blood supply to the heart is diminished. With exertion, the vessels cannot adequately vasodilate. This can manifest as chest pain or tightness and/or shortness of breath. 1. Hypertension is often called “the silent killer.” By the time symptoms of hypertension occur, the complications can affect the kidneys, heart, eyes, and blood vessels. What is this term called? 2. Left ventricular hypertrophy is a major risk factor for what other diseases? Name at least 2. Your Answer: 1 Target organ damage 2 it can cause heart diseases such as heart attack or storke 1. Target-organ damage 2. coronary heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and sudden death. Multiple Choice: With increasing occlusion of the coronary vessel(s), the demands of the resting heart may become too great. When the patient experiences angina without exertion, or when the level of exertion necessary to cause anginal symptoms decreases, this is called what? Stable angina Unstable angina Myocardial infarction Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension? Increased potassium intake Increased salt intake Increased alcohol intake Increased caloric intake Multiple Choice: Upon seeing this on your patient, which disease would you screen for? Gout Hypertension Heart failure Hyperlipidemia Multiple Choice: Which pharmacologic treatment of hypertension has a mechanism of action characterized by reducing vascular smooth muscle tone (vasodilation) and reducing cardiac contractility and heart rate? Diuretics Calcium channel blockers Beta-blockers Ace-inhibitors Multiple Choice: Which arrhythmia is the most common chronic arrhythmia and incidence increases with age? Sinus bradycardia Sinus tachycardia Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutter Question 25 0 / 2.5 pts Which arrhythmias are dangerous because of severely reduced diastolic time and cardiac output? Select all that apply. Premature atrial contractions Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia Correct Answer Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Premature ventricular contractions Atrial fibrillation Fill in the blank: are a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis common among Mediterranean populations. Your Answer: Thalassemias Thalassemias Fill in the blank: Thrombocytes are also known as . Your Answer: platelets Platelets Patient is found to have the above: 1. What risk factors mostly led to this disease state? 2. What is this person at risk for developing? 3. What lifestyle modifications would you suggest for them? Your Answer: 1) obesity,high chilesteral valves,visceral fat and poor die 2) they're at risk od developing Atherosclerosis 3) they can start a healthy diet,stop smooking,reduce alcohol consumption or start taking blood pressure medication Answer: Picture is of an atherosclerotic plaque 1. Hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, obesity and visceral fat, hypertension, diabetes mellitus. Increasing age, family history of premature CHD, and male sex. May also include C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum lipoprotein(a). 2. Coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, aneurysm, stroke (ischemia, thrombosis, emboli). 3. Stop smoking, lose weight/exercise, healthy diet (low-fat, low-cholesterol), adhere to medication for blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and/or diabetes. Exam 5 True/False: The rate of perfusion must exceed the rate of ventilation in order to ensure adequate oxygenation of the blood. True False True/False: Exercise, allergens, and emotion can all contribute to an asthma attack. True False The breathing rate is determined by input from that monitor oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood. Your Answer: Chemoreceptors chemoreceptors Lung is the term used to describe the ease or difficulty with which the lungs can be inflated. Your Answer: Lung compliance compliance True/False: During inspiration, air is drawn into the lungs and the chest cavity is decreased. True Correct Answer False True/False: COPD is reversible airway bronchoconstriction. True Correct Answer False True/False: The accessory muscles are the main muscles of inspiration. True False diaphragm True/False: Excess surface tension makes lung inflation harder. Correct Answer True False Question 9 5 / 5 pts Fill in the blank: lowers the surface tension and makes lung inflation easier. Your Answer: surfactants Pulmonary surfactant is the flow of blood in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries. Your Answer: perfusion Perfusion Which of the following cells contribute to airway inflammation in asthma? Select all that apply. Eosinophils Mast cells Correct Answer Neutrophils Correct Answer Leukotrienes Lymphocytes Multiple Choice: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is most likely seen in which disease process? Bronchial asthma Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Bronchiectasis Multiple Choice: Histologically, chronic bronchitis would exhibit each of the following except: Enlargement of the airspaces Increase in goblet cells Fibrosis of the bronchiolar wall Hypertrophy of the submucosal glands Multiple Choice: Each of the following are TRUE of ARDS except: Chest x-ray shows a “white-out” Presents with decreased respiratory rate Decreased surfactant function Increased capillary permeability Short answer: A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a “cold,” and now he doesn’t get relief from his albuterol inhaler. Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms. Your Answer: In most asthma patients there's a airway inflammation from cold virus that causes epithelial injury.Also due to severe airway imflammation this patient is most likely experiencing bronchial hyper-responisiveness which causes airway obstruction or narrowing. However, this changes can cause fixed obstruction in asthma patients which is not reversible event with the used of inhalers or bronchodilaters Recruitment of inflammatory cells from the bloodstream into the bronchial wall, where they directly attack the invading organisms and secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxic to the organisms causes airway inflammation. Swelling of the bronchial wall, mucus secretion, constriction of the airway; bronchial hyper-responsiveness to stimuli causes airway obstruction or narrowing. They may discuss on a cellular level as well: Upon a trigger, the cascade of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells cause epithelial injury. This causes airway inflammation, which further increases hyperresponsiveness and decreased airflow. Mast cells release histamine and leukotrienes. These cause major bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus secretion. Mast cells can trigger multiple cytokine release, which causes more airway inflammation. The contraction of the airways and subsequent swelling leads to further airway obstruction. Short answer: When is the risk for obstructive atelectasis the greatest? What are strategies to decrease the chance for developing atelectasis? Your Answer: the risk is greatest following surgery because anesthesia pain medication and immobility may help to develope bronchial secretions. strategies such as frequently coughing,taking deep breath,hydrate adepuately and changes positions may decrease the chance for atelectasis The risk of obstructive atelectasis is increased following surgery. Anesthesia, pain and pain medications, and immobility promote retention of bronchial secretions. Patients are encouraged to frequently cough, deep breath, change positions, hydrate adequately, and ambulate early to prevent atelectasis. Short answer: Explain why the oxygen flow rate for people with COPD is normally titrated to maintain the arterial PO2 between 60 and 65 mm Hg. Your Answer: Because their medullary respiratory center is now fuction at a elevated Co2 level and can't not responds to increase in PCO there is a decrease in PO2 it become a stimulus for respiration but if there is a higher rate of oxygen,it would suppresses respiratory drive and stimulus Their medullary respiratory center has adapted to the elevated CO2 levels and no longer responds to increases in PCO2. Therefore, a decrease in PO2 becomes the stimulus for respiration. If oxygen is given at too high of a rate, it suppresses the stimulus and the respiratory drive. Short answer: 1.) Your patient’s lung showed the following: what is the only treatment that can delay the progression of this disease? 2.) Which is more soluble in plasma: carbon dioxide or oxygen? Your Answer: 1) the patient needs to go on a smoking cessation 2) Carbon dioxide 1.) smoking cessation 2.) Carbon dioxide Short answer Some people have the triad of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyps. They have asthma attacks in response to taking what medication(s)? Your Answer: Aspirin and Other NSAIDs Aspirin and other NSAIDs Multiple Choice: Each of the following can lead to atelectasis except: Pleural effusion Tumor mass Thrombus Mucous plug Multiple Choice: Asthma exhibits each of the following characteristics except: Bronchial swelling Mucus secretion Airway remodeling Hypertrophy of the submucosal glands Multiple Choice: Each of the following can be daily treatments for asthma except: Bronchodilators Correct Answer Oxygen therapy Inhaled corticosteroids Leukotriene modifiers EXAM 6 Multiple Choice: A patient has experienced a seizure affecting the left temporal lobe. The family reports that the patient exhibited repetitive lip smacking and hand rubbing followed by a period of great fear and insecurity. They have experienced which type of seizure? Focal seizure without impairment of consciousness or awareness Focal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness Generalized tonic/clonic seizure Multiple Choice: Voluntary tongue movements are controlled by which cranial nerve? CN VII. CN IX. CN XII. Multiple Choice: You are seeing a patient with Parkinson’s disease in your office. You feel a catch as you passively take their arm through flexion and extension. This is an example of what physical manifestation of the disease? Tremor Bradykinesia Correct Answer Cogwheeling Pill-rolling Multiple Choice: Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of sleep? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Multiple Choice: A person reports a generalized depressed mood, changes in appetite, and irritability that gets worse as the day goes on. They also report that they sleep more than 8 hours which is affecting their productivity. What type of depression are they experiencing? Melancholic depression Atypical depression Depression with psychotic features Depression with catatonic features Multiple Choice: Each of the following statements is true regarding the organization of the nervous system except: Correct Answer The CNS has an afferent and efferent division The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions The CNS contains the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain The PNS contains the cranial nerves Multiple Choice: Each of the following statements is true regarding Alzheimer’s disease except: Neurofibrillary tangles are a result of an abnormal accumulation of amyloid in the blood vessels Neuritic plaques are composed of deteriorating nerve pieces that arrange themselves around a sticky protein core called amyloid beta (Aβ) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease Multiple Choice: Non-modifiable factors related to stroke include each of the following except: Male sex Hypertension African American decent Family history Multiple Choice: Primary insomnia is characterized by each of the following except: Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Waking up too early Can also be called comorbid insomnia Multiple Choice: A “drop attack” is another term for which type of seizure? Myoclonic seizure Clonic seizure Tonic seizure Atonic seizure Multiple Choice: Narcolepsy appears to be linked to an abnormal regulation of which stage of sleep? stage 1 stage 2 stage 4 REM Multiple Choice: Each of the following statements is true of Parkinson’s disease except: Environmental factors alone lead to disease development It affects the substantia nigra of the brain It is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons Incidence increases with age Fill in the blank: control the bodily response to sensory input internally and externally. Your Answer: stimulus/central nervous system Answer: Interneurons Fill in the blank: decrease the degradation of serotonin and norepinephrine. Your Answer: depression Answer: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs) Fill in the blank: Shallow or abnormally slow breathing is referred to as . Your Answer: Hyperpnea Answer: hypopnea Fill in the blank: utilizes electric impulses to inhibit or stop the abnormal nerve activity that causes tremor and other unwanted movement patterns associated with Parkinson’s disease. Your Answer: deep brain stmulation Answer: Deep brain stimulation Fill in the blank: Specialized ependymal cells that project into the ventricles and produce CSF are called the . Your Answer: choroid plexus Answer: Choroid plexus T/F – Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. Your Answer: false Answer: True T/F – Make true if False The average age of onset for major depressive disorder is mid-30s; however, the age of onset is increasing in recent times. Your Answer: false Answer: False, the age of onset is decreasing in recent times. T/F – Make true if False Vital signs increase during stage 1 of NREM sleep. Your Answer: false Answer: False, vital signs decrease during stage 1 of NREM sleep. T/F – Make true if False Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer’s disease. Your Answer: true Answer: False, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Short Answer Essay Explain the mechanism of electric synapses and how they contribute to the rapid propagation of an action potential. Your Answer: electric synapeses allow the passage of currents through the gap junctions.Gap junction than penetrate cells junction of neighboring cells which allows current to flow in both direntions Answer: Electrical synapses allow the passage of current-carrying ions through small openings called gap junctions. These gap junctions penetrate the cell junction of neighboring cells allowing current to flow in either direction. Short Answer Essay You witness a seizure in which the person first exhibits a full body muscular contraction followed by a loss of consciousness and convulsions. Is this a generalized or focal seizure? Based upon this description, what specific type of seizure did this individual experience? Your Answer: this is a case of Generalize seizures and tonic-clonic seizure beccause in this type of seizure the person will experience tonic contraction of the muscles and lose consciouness. Answer: Generalized, Tonic-clonic seizure Short Answer Essay Describe the importance of brain activity that occurs during REM sleep. Your Answer: during REM there is a block in the increase sensory input making the brain not to process it.But there is still a internalized sensory that allows previously memories and the person is still able to have normal physiologic and psychologic functions. Answer: During this phase of sleep, incoming sensory input is blocked; the brain cannot process it. However, internalized sensory tracts are stimulated allowing previously formed memories to replay in one’s mind. Studies have shown that adequate time spent in REM sleep is necessary for normal physiologic and psychologic functioning during periods of wakefulness. Short Answer Essay A patient reports to the emergency department where you are working at 7 pm. They report that earlier that morning they began to experience numbness in their right leg. They had walked more than usual the day before, so they ignored their symptoms. As the day went on, they noticed that the numbness got worse, and they began to slur their words. By the time they are evaluated, their symptoms begin to subside. The numbness disappears, and their speech returns to normal. What do you suspect this patient has experienced? What is the clinical significance? Your Answer: they patint is experiencing TIA when there is a deprivation of oxygen to the brain However,patient with TIA are most likely to get Strok in their lifetime Answer: This patient has experienced a TIA as their symptoms subsided in less than 24 hours without intervention. However, this should not be ignored as TIAs serve as a warning sign that a stroke can occur in the future. Underlying pathology such as atherosclerosis, etc. must be addressed for prevention. Long Answer Essay A 72-year-old female is brought to the emergency department via ambulance at 9 am. Her husband reports that they were eating breakfast and she started to complain of a severe headache and blurred vision. She then lost consciousness, and he immediately called 911. She has a history of hypertension, and she is not compliant with her medication because she does not like the way it makes her feel. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. Your Answer: this patient could be experiencing ishemic stroke, and ACT scan or MRI can be done to determine if there is clot that may be blocking blood flow to the brain. if ischemic stroke is confirm, the patient would need a more advance treatment methods because they have passed the 3-4.5 hours window for a tPA drugs Answer: This patient is more than likely experiencing a hemorrhagic stroke given the sudden onset of her symptoms and the PMH of uncontrolled hypertension. A CT scan would be needed to determine if a hemorrhage has occurred. Once this is determined the goal of treatment is to stop bleeding and decrease intracranial pressure. This can be done through medication that would decrease blood pressure and intracranial pressure. A craniotomy can be done should medication not work, or the bleeding is severe. Other surgical methods may be utilized if the bleed is a result of an aneurysm or AVM. Long Answer Essay What is the diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy? Describe 2 topics of patient education you would give to your patient to help them combat symptoms of narcolepsy. Your Answer: following a daytime sleep study of 8 mins or more is given to patient in their latency time. patient education would includes covering sleep hygien, and safety during high risk activities Answer: A diagnosis of narcolepsy is given if the person exhibits a mean sleep latency time of <8 minutes and two or more episodes of sleep-onset REM during the repeated nap opportunities. You may educate them on any of the following: • Sleep hygiene • Avoidance of sleep deprivation • Taking several short naps (15 minutes or less) throughout the day EXAM 7 Multiple choice The liver is responsible for each of the following EXCEPT: Making clotting factors Storing bile The liver produces bile, but the gallbladder stores it Drug metabolism Stores glucose Multiple Choice: Risk factors for gallstone formation include each of the following EXCEPT: Obesity Male gender Age (40’s) Pregnancy Multiple choice: Predisposing factors that may lead to gastroesophageal reflux include each of the following EXCEPT: Hiatal hernia Pernicious anemia Pregnancy Incompetent esophageal sphincter Multiple choice Clinical presentation of irritable bowel syndrome can include each of the following EXCEPT: Abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 12 weeks duration Pain may be relieved with defecation Constipation or diarrhea may be present Correct Answer Blood in the stool Risk factors for the development of peptic ulcer include which of the following? Select all that apply. Correct Answer Aspirin therapy Eating acidic foods Correct Answer pylori infection Stress Correct Answer NSAID use Multiple Choice Gastric ulcers are worsened by . Duodenal ulcers are worsened by . A. Eating; not eating B. Not eating; eating C. Both a & b D. None of the above Multiple choice Each of the following are characteristics of ulcerative colitis EXCEPT: Granulomatous lesions Bloody diarrhea Pseudopolyps Risk of toxic megacolon Crypt abscess formation Multiple Choice Each of the following are characteristics of Crohn disease EXCEPT: Affects any part of the GI tract Increased risk of malignancy Skip lesions Cobblestone appearance Granulomatous inflammation Fill in the blank: The controls the rate of stomach contents into the small intestine. Your Answer: the pyloric sphincter Answer: pyloric sphincter True/False: The GI tract produces both enzymes and hormones. True False Fill in the blank: The double layer of peritoneum that holds the organs in place and stores fat is called what? Your Answer: the greater omentum Answer: mesentery True/False: A unique feature of the liver is that is has a dual blood supply. True False Short answer: What are the intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food along? Your Answer: It's the rhythmic movement Answer: Rhythmic movements True/False Activation of the peripheral nervous system decreases or stops the amplitude of the slow waves. True Correct Answer False Short Answer: lies between the mucosal and muscle layers of the intestinal wall, and is involved with controlling secretions, absorption, and contraction of each segment of the intestinal tract. Your Answer: the submucosal plexus Answer: Submucosal (Meissner) plexus Short answer: Food is converted in the stomach into a creamy mixture called? Your Answer: chyme Answer: chyme Short answer What are rhythmic movements designed to propel the chyme along the small intestine toward the large intestine? Your Answer: peristaltic contractions Answer: Peristaltic movements Short answer: What is the purpose of propulsive mass movements? Your Answer: it's part of the larger segment of the colon that helps move fecal matter and triggers the need for bowel movement. A large segment of the colon contracts as a unit, moving the fecal contents forward. These mass movements last about 30 seconds, followed by a 2-3-minute period of relaxation, then another contraction. This is what triggers the need for a bowel movement. True/False: Antibiotics should be used to treat all types of diarrhea. True False Fill in the blank: Consistently ignoring the urge to defecate can result in . Your Answer: Constipation Answer: constipation Multiple Choice: Clinical manifestations of cirrhosis include each of the following EXCEPT: Hemorrhoids Asterixis Esophageal varices Correct Answer Thrombocytosis Ascites Short Answer: What is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with? Your Answer: it's the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the western world that is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome Answer: Obesity and metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia) Multiple Choice: A patient presents with right upper quadrant pain, that worsens after eating a fatty meal. What would be the best imaging modality to evaluate their complaint? Abdominal CT scan HIDA scan Abdominal x-ray Abdominal ultrasound Short Answer: Liver damage from cirrhosis, hepatitis, or cancer would cause what type of jaundice? Your Answer: intraheptic jaundic Answer: Intrahepatic jaundice Exam 8 Each of the following statements are true regarding control over the GFR except: The kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure of the rest of the body. The sympathetic nervous system cannot supersede the renal autoregulatory system. The sympathetic nervous system can supersede the renal autoregulatory system. The RAA responds when blood pressure drops below normal limits. Which of the following statements is false regarding ADH? Elevated levels of ADH will lead to a small volume of concentrated urine. Elevated levels of ADH will lead to dilute urine. decreased levels of ADH will lead to dilute urine. Alcohol inhibits ADH. Which of the following statements is true regarding nephrons? It is divided into an outer medulla and an inner cortex It has 1 source of blood supply The glomerulus filters the blood while the tubule reabsorbs needed nutrients Low Na+ levels in the plasma and interstitial compartment is characteristic of which of the following fluid imbalances? Dehydration Correct Answer Water intoxication Edema Tubular reabsorption is characterized by which of the following? The reabsorption of water and ions via passive means only Necessary solutes and fluids are reabsorbed into the tubular fluid Correct Answer Necessary solutes and fluids are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries Which of the following is/are true regarding acid-base balance? (mark all that apply) Acid-base balance refers to the balance of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood Acid-base balance refers to the balance of the concentration of bicarbonate ions (OH-) in the blood Correct Answer Venous blood is characterized by a more acidic pH A higher concentration of OH- ions will increase the pH of the blood Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis is characterized by the following except: Typically caused by a streptococcal infection Associated with a poor prognosis as it often leads to CKD the prognosis is good when underlying cause is treated Accompanied by glomerular enlargement and hypercellularity Oliguria is often the first symptom Which of the following is characteristic of chronic transplant rejection? Correct Answer Involves humoral immunity It responds well to immunosuppressive therapy Involves increased T lymphocytes Which of the following is true of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol? It is the inactive form of vitamin D taken in through the skin via UV rays It is the inactive form of synthetic vitamin D It is the active form of vitamin D, converted in the liver Correct Answer It is the active form of vitamin D, converted in the kidney A patient is said to be in stage 3a kidney disease. What would you expect their GFR to be? A. 97 mL/min/1.73m2 B. 42 mL/min/1.73m2 C. 70 mL/min/1.73m2 D. 14 mL/min/1.73m2 A. B. C. D. The following are true regarding tubular secretion except: K+ is secreted in the intercalated cells K+ is secreted in the principal cells H+ along with organic acids and bases are secreted from the proximal tubule Involves the elimination of urea from the filtrate A decrease in Na+ reabsorption is achieved through the action of which of the following? Cardiovascular baroreceptors Aldosterone Correct Answer Diuretics Fill in the blank: In the nephron, the mass of capillaries surrounded by an epithelial capsule that opens into a tubule is collectively referred to as the . Your Answer: glomerulus Answer: renal corpuscle Fill in the blank: The hormone that is synthesized in the kidneys and regulates the differentiation of red blood cells is . Your Answer: erythroietin Answer: erythropoietin Fill in the blank: The causes CO2 to react reversibly with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) to regulate blood pH. Your Answer: red blood cell Answer: brainstem-respiratory system Fill in the blank: A person who has a blood Mg2+ concentration of 3.3 mg/dL. Is considered to have . Your Answer: hypermagnesemia Answer: hypermagnesemia Fill in the blank: A drastic decrease in urine output accompanied by a disproportionate increase of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in comparison to serum creatinine levels is characteristic of failure. Your Answer: renal Answer: prerenal T/F, if False make the statement True When blood pressure rises, the enzyme renin is released by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the nephron. Your Answer: false because juxtaglomerular cells usually response when there's a drop in pressure when there is any kind of stretch or changes in the vascular war Answer: False, when blood pressure drops, the enzyme renin is released by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the nephron. T/F, if False make the statement True Hyperkalemia can be caused by movement of K+ from the ECF to the ICF compartment. Your Answer: false it's cause by movement of K+ from the ICF to ECF compartment Answer: False, hyperkalemia can be cause by the movement of K+ from the ICF to the ECF compartment. Short Answer: Explain why renal flow is decreased with sympathetic activity. Your Answer: because sympathetic activity deverts blood to the heart,skeletal nuscle and brain which is control by the nervous fore when there is a narrowing in the afferent arteriole,there will be a release of epinephrine which will most likely lead decrease of flow in the renal and GFR Answer: Sympathetic activity diverts blood to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles. During these times the renal autoregulatory system may be superseded by nervous system control. In this event, a narrowing of the afferent arteriole is caused by sympathetic nerve fibers followed by a release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla which leads to a subsequent decrease in renal flow and the GFR. Short Answer: A patient has a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and a subsequent electrolyte imbalance. Which electrolyte imbalance may they experience given this condition? Explain why pancreatitis would lead to this imbalance. Your Answer: Dehydration Pancreatitis would lead to dehadration due to water output that has been exceed by water intake Answer: Hypocalcemia. Acute pancreatitis causes the release of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. Free fatty acids are released during lipolysis in the pancreas. Ca2+ binds to these fatty acids removing them from the blood. Short Answer: A patient has a diagnosis of glomerular disease. Given what you know about the structural framework of the glomerular capillaries, what would be detected in this patient’s urine, and explain why this would happen. Your Answer: the urine will have blood and protein due to lock of prevention of red blood cells and plasma proteins which is provent by the glomerular capillaries from passing through the glomerular membrane into the filtrate is no longer being block from passing through Answer: Blood and protein may be present in the urine. Spaces within