PSY 255 QUIZ Quiz 1 Chapters 1-6 complete questions and answers doc

1. Which statement would be endorsed by a person who studies personality? a. The way we behave is determined entirely by what is going on around us. b. Most of the time we are actually not in control of our own actions. c. Behaviors originate within a person but can be influenced by outside factors. d. We are at the whim of our genetics, and must act as our inheritance determines. 2. Which of the following is correct about the relation between personality and culture? a. Because personality is concerned with the person, personality psychologists are not interested in cultural differences. b. Most studies to date find few if any significant cross-cultural differences in personality phenomena. c. People and their personalities exist within a cultural context. d. Individual differences in personality can be found only in individualistic cultures. 3. Most of the research on personality reported in the textbook is based on studies with people a. from individualistic cultures. b. from collectivist cultures. c. with a strong sense of self. d. who prefer cooperation to competition. 4. A researcher maintains that a person’s self-esteem level is largely inherited from his or her parents. From this, she derives the prediction that children with low self-esteem probably come from homes where one or both parents have low self-esteem. In this case, the formal prediction is the a. theory. b. hypothesis. c. independent variable. d. dependent variable. 5. A psychologist is working with a patient who suffers from a very rare disorder. Which type of research is the psychologist likely to use? a. Laboratory research b. Survey research c. Case study d. Replication 6. A reliable test a. measures what it was designed to measure. b. measures what it measures consistently. c. has good validity. d. measures many different concepts at once. 7. Which of the following is a problem of test validity? a. When test responses are depend on recent events. b. When test questions are vague. c. When test responses do not reflect the hypothetical constructs being measured. d. When similar test responses cannot be obtained in a second testing. 8. Information about where you parked your car or the name of an uncle who you rarely see is probably stored in which part of the mind, according to Freud’s topographic model? a. Conscious b. Preconscious c. Unconscious d. Subconscious 9. As you examine the relationship between the structural and topographic models of Freud’s theory, the ego is found in which part of Freud’s topographic model? a. Conscious b. Preconscious c. Unconscious d. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious 10. The id, ego, and superego are three parts of the ______ model of personality. a. topographic b. iceberg c. structural d. libido 11. Which statement is true about the superego? a. The superego is present in newborn children. b. The healthiest personality is one in which superego has control over ego and id. c. The actions of the superego are based on the reality principle. d. The superego represents society’s standards and values, most notably those of one’s parents. 12. Freud said the actions of the ego were guided by the need to adhere to the ________ principle. a. pleasure b. ethical c. morality d. reality 13. In Freudian theory, “libido” is a. an unlimited source of psychic energy. b. the death, or aggressive, instinct. c. the life, or sexual, instinct. d. the same thing as “Thanatos.” 14. According to Freud, the ego uses defense mechanisms in order to a. reduce anxiety. b. help the id get what it wants. c. satisfy the superego's demands. d. channel psychic energy into a socially productive action. 15. If you see your own unwanted thoughts and undesirable impulses in other people, then you are using the defense mechanism called a. displacement. b. reaction formation. c. intellectualization. d. projection. 16. A man becomes a leader in a crusade promoting sexual morality. A year later, he is arrested for a variety of sex crimes. Freud might have interpreted the man’s earlier behavior as an example of the psychological defense mechanism called a. repression. b. denial. c. reaction formation. d. projection. 17. Suzy has an important test tomorrow. She knows she should study, but she really wants to go to Steve’s party. However, when she considers not studying and going to the party, she feels guilty. Suzy therefore decides to stay home and study for the test. According to Freud, Suzy’s __________. a. Ego won out over her superego b. Superego won out over her id c. Id won out over her superego d. Ego won out over her id 18. According to several research findings (Brody, Rozek, & Muten, 1985; Cramer, 1997; Cramer & Brilliant, 2001), children rely most heavily on which of the following unconscious defense mechanisms? a. Denial b. Identification c. Reaction formation d. Sublimation 19. Each person relies more on some defense mechanisms and less on others when the ego is threatened. Psychologists refer to this contrast as differences in a. defensive style. b. ego strength. c. preferred id impulses. d. mental health. 20. According to Freud, which of the following functions is served by telling or listening to jokes? a. One’s enemy can be attacked through humor. b. The punch line of a joke provides the satisfaction that comes with tension release. c. Sexual thoughts can be expressed in socially acceptable outlets. d. All of these are correct. 21. The view that deeply hypnotized people experience a division of their consciousness is known as ________ theory. a. neodissociation b. sociocognitive c. trance d. transactional analysis 22. According to sociocognitive theorists, participants in hypnosis demonstrations act the way they do because a. the controlling influence of the ego is temporarily removed under hypnosis. b. consciousness has been divided into accessible and nonaccessible pockets. c. participants act the way they think they are supposed to act. d. participants act on the pleasure principle. 23. Wanda was the hardest working student in her school. At graduation, she was awarded the certificate for perfect attendance throughout high school, and was the only student to have zero absences. She later shared with her teacher that she felt being at school every day could help her overcome feeling that she was not as smart as some of her peers. What might Alfred Adler have said about Wanda? a. Wanda is the exception to the rule, in that she should have instead displayed an inferiority complex. b. She most likely is a firstborn child. c. Her striving for achievement resulted from her earlier feelings of inferiority. d. She achieved because she never saw herself as inferior, regardless of what happened to her in elementary school. 24. Which of the following statements best summarizes research on the effects of birth order on personality? a. Most of the predictions derived from Adler’s theory have been supported. b. Birth order often does not predict how people will score on personality measures. c. Birth order often has a strong influence on shaping the adult personality. d. Most studies find middle-born children to be better adjusted than first- or last-born children. 25. “There are images in your unconscious that you did not repress. You were born with these unconscious images.” Which theorist is most likely to have said this? a. Freud b. Adler c. Jung d. Erikson 26. According to Jung, the unconscious part of ourselves that is essentially negative—the dark side of our identity—is called a. an anima or animus. b. the personal unconscious. c. the shadow. d. an id impulse. 27. According to Erikson, the principal function of the ego is to a. keep unacceptable material out of awareness. b. establish and maintain a sense of identity. c. guide the development of personality through the stages of development. d. balance the needs of the individual against the needs of society. 28. According to Erikson, a person in his or her young adulthood years is most likely to be dealing with which of the following issues? a. Whether or not to commit to a romantic relationship. b. Whether or not to take an active role in the lives of young people. c. Whether or not the career they have chosen is exactly right for them. d. Whether or not to feel satisfaction with choices made in life. 29. According to Karen Horney, a person who becomes extremely dependent on other people a. is psychotic. b. `is using this interpersonal style to avoid feelings of anxiety. c. learned this style of interacting as an adult. d. could be classified as “moving against people.” 30. Samantha is anxious about socializing with others. When invited out she acts so oddly toward her peers that they have stopped asking. Which interaction style does Samantha display, according to Horney? a. Moving toward people b. Moving away from people c. Moving against people d. Moving without people 31. Like Freud’s original theory, the neo-Freudian approach can be criticized for a. a lack of scientific evidence. b. being more descriptive than scientific. c. incomplete or limited accounts of personality. d. all of these are legitimate criticisms 32. Jason is an author who works for a variety of publishing companies. One of them recently informed him that they will no longer be using his services, and this creates a financial hardship for family. Jason responds by contacting the other publishers and accepting additional projects to compensate for the lost income. Jason has dealt with this stressor by using a(n) ________ strategy. a. emotion-focused b. avoidance c. withdrawal d. problem-focused 33. A friend comes to you with a problem. You determine that there is nothing she can do to solve the problem but also that it is not going to go away any time soon. According to research, you can best help your friend by recommending a(n) ________ strategy. a. emotion-focused b. problem-focused c. avoidant d. defensive 34. According to Freud, we all have an instinctive desire to destroy ourselves. This aggressive instinct, which he called ________, is then directed at others as a defensive reaction by the ego. a. the shadow b. libido c. thanatos d. catharsis 35. Which of the following is true about the frustration–aggression hypothesis? a. Frustration is one cause of aggression. b. Frustrated people act more aggressively than nonfrustrated people. c. Aggressive responses are more likely when a frustrated person is close to their goal. d. All of these options are true 36. Participants in one study were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to another person. Sometimes this other person was the one who had frustrated them, and sometimes it was a stranger. The researchers found that a. frustration increased aggression but only against the person who frustrated the participants. b. frustration increased aggression against both the person who had frustrated the participants and the stranger. c. frustration led to an increase in aggression against the person who had frustrated the participants, but a decrease in aggression against the stranger. d. frustration did not affect aggression levels in this experiment. 37. According to object relations theory, a child’s relationship with his or her parents a. is not as important as the child’s relationship with peers. b. affects the way the child thinks of others in future relationships. c. is more important as the child grows older, especially in the adolescent years. d. is not as important as neo-Freudian theorists originally claimed. 38. According to research on attachment theory, a mother who is attentive and responsive to her infant is most likely to develop a ______ relationship with the child. a. secure b. anxious–ambivalent c. avoidant d. dependent 39. A man worries that his romantic partner does not really love him. He becomes demanding and sometimes overwhelming in his effort to secure his partner’s love. The man probably has which kind of attachment style? a. Secure b. Anxious–ambivalent c. Avoidant d. Dependent 40. A four-category model of adult attachment styles divides people along which two dimensions? a. Fear of abandonment and fear of closeness b. Feelings about one’s mother and feelings about one’s father c. Fear of closeness and fear of love d. Images of one’s self-worth and belief in one’s abilities