Summary Lower Respiratory Disorders Notes _ 2021 | NSG 101 Lower Respiratory Disorders Notes - Updated

NSG 101 Lower Respiratory Disorders Notes - Updated TOPICS: 1. Influenza 2. Bronchiolitis 3. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis 4. Bronchitis 5. Asthma 6. Status asthmaticus 7. Cystic fibrosis 8. Bronchiectasis 9. Pneumonia 10. Atelectasis 11. Pneumothorax 12. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 13. Tuberculosis Lower respiratory tract consists of: • Starts at C6 (6th cervical vertebra) • Trachea • Primary bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Diaphragm Serves the function of: • Pulling air from the upper respiratory tract • Absorb oxygen • Release carbon dioxide and exchange TRACHEA • Travels inferiorly into the superior mediastinum • Bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle (T4) • Held open by C0shaped cartilage rings • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar interspersed by goblet cells • Mucociliary escalator – traps and clears inhaled particles and pathogens moving them up out of the airways to be swallowed and destroyed. PRIMARY BRONCHI • Separate the air that goes to the left and right lung • Held open by cartilage • Right main bronchus is wider and shorter • Descends more vertically SECONDARY BRONCHI • Supplies each individual lobe of the lung TERTIARY BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES • Do not contain cartilage or goblet cells CONDUCTING - transport air - not involved in gas exchange - anatomical dead space (150 ml) TERMINAL - most distal segment of the conducting zone RESPIRATORY -presence of alveoli ALVEOLI • Air sacs with thin walls • Sites of gas exchange in the lungs • 300 million • composed of: Type 1 pneumocytes o simple squamous o responsible for gas exchange Type 2 pneumocytes o Cuboidal o Production of surfactant • Pulmonary surfactant Mixture of lipids and proteins Reduce surface tension Prevent alveoli from collapsing LUNGS • Sit on either side of the mediastinum (in the pleural cavity) • The pleura is a serous membrane that covers the lung (visceral) and the inside of the chest wall (parietal) allow optimal expansion and contraction of the lungs • pleural fluid acts as lubricant • RIGHT LUNG contains 3 lobes superior middle inferior • Left lung is slightly smaller to give space to the heart; contains 2 lobes Superior lobe Inferior lobe • R.A.L.S = “Right Anterior, Left Superior” - Position of pulmonary artery in relation to mainstem bronchus DIAPHRAGM • Main muscle of inspiration • Lowers the thoracic floor • Creates negative pressure gradient NSG 101 LOWER RESPIRATORY DISORDERS NOTES 2021 DISORDERS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT By: Thaiza Mithel D. Cajigas, MSN (CAR)DENIELLE JUAN INFLUENZA ▪ Involves inflammation and infection of the major airways ▪ Most children are ill with the flue for less than a week ▪ But some children have a more serious illness and may need to be treated in the hospital ▪ The flu may also lead to lung infection (pneumonia) or death. What causes flu in a child? ▪ Influenza types A and B These 2 types of viruses cause widespread illness (epidemics) almost every winter. ▪ Influenza type C This type of virus causes a very mild respiratory illness or no symptoms at all. • Most contagious with the flue 24 hours before symptoms start, continuing while symptoms are most active • The risk of infecting others usually stops around day 7 of the illness. • A flu virus is often passed from child to child through sneezing or coughing • The virus can also live for a short time on surfaces • It can also be passed through shared eating utensils and drinking. A child is more at risk for flu if he or she: • Is around people infected with the flue • Has not had the flu vaccine • Does not wash his or her hands after touching infected surfaces. Symptoms: • Fever, which may be as high as 103oF (39.4oC) to 105oF (45.5oC) Cold symptoms Flu symptoms Low or no fever High fever Sometimes a headache Headache in most cases Stuffy, runny nose Clear nose, or stuffy nose in some cases Sneezing Sneezing in some cases Mild, hacking cough Cough, often turning severe Mild body aches Severe body aches Mild tiredness Extreme tiredness that can last weeks Sore throat Sore throat in some cases Treatment • The goal of treatment is to help prevent or ease symptoms. • Acetaminophen – this is to help lessen body aches and fever. Don’t give aspirin to a child with fever. • Cough medicine – This may be prescribed by your child’s healthcare provider. • Antiviral medicine- This may help to ease symptoms, and shorten the length of illness. This medicine does not cure the flue. The medicine must be started within 2 days after symptoms begin Complications • Severe breathing problems • Pneumonia • Death The best way to prevent flu is to have the yearly flu vaccine. The vaccine is advised for all children 6 months and older BRONCHITIS • Body aches, which may be severe • Headache • Sore throat • Cough that gets worse • Tiredness • Runny or stuffy nose In some cases, your child may also have symptoms such as: • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea Most children recover from the flu within a week. But they may still feel very tired for as long as 3 to 4 weeks. Its important to note that a cold and the flu have different symptoms: ▪ Inflammation of the major bronchi and trachea, affecting preschool and school age children Causative Agents • Acute bronchitis comes on quickly and can cause severe symptoms, although it lasts only a few weeks. • Influenza viruses, adenovirus, and mycoplasma pneumoniae, among others • Chronic bronchitis, while rare in children, can last for months to yearsmore likely to experience pneumonia. Characteristics Changes: • Include hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the mucus-secreting glands in the bronchi • Decreased ciliary activity • Chronic inflammation - - - -