Summary Organic Chemistry IEB

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

,Definitions
*
Organic Molecules → molecules
containing carbon atoms with the

exception of carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide,

diamond graphite carbonates ,
carbides and
, ,



cyanide s .




* Hydrocarbons → a
compound containing only carbon and
hydrogen
atoms .




* saturated compound → a
compound in which all of the bonds
between carbons atoms are single bonds .




* Unsaturated compound least
→ a compound in which there is at

one double and / or triple bond between
carbon atoms .




* Functional Group the centre
group of atoms that form
→ an atom or

of chemical activity in the molecule .




* series → compounds which have
Homologous a series of similar

the same functional
group
and
general
formula in which each member differs from
,

one c. Hz unit
by single .




* structure Isomers → compounds having the same molecular

formula but different structural formula .

,Carbon as an Element

*
Unique to
any other element in three ways :




① catenation -
the
bonding of atoms of the same element

into
longer chains .




C -
C -
C C → is able to form chains
long
-




② Forms polar covalent bonds with itself and other

elements .




③ All four valence electrons are available for
bonding . Carbon
atoms can form single double or triple bonds .




✗
→ valence electrons are ALL available
✗
for
✗ C ✗ bonding
✗

✗


* sources of carbon and carbon compounds :



① chief source of carbon in dioxide,
living organisms is carbon
carbohydrates are produced by photosynthesis
↳ 6 coz + 61-120 → CGH iz 06 t 602

② Oil coal and natural gas
,

③ carbon is the basic building block of
organic compounds . Carbon

recycles through the Earth's air
,
water soil and
living
,


organisms .

,Different Formula Types
① structural Formula :
* Atoms bonded by chemical symbol
* ALL bonds are
represented by lines

Eg .


Y Y
'
Y
H -
C -
C -
C -
H - O
l l 1
H H H


② Condensed Structural Formula :

* Atoms represented by chemical symbol
* shows the atoms are bonded but not all bond lines
way
are shown ( some can be shown )


Eg . CH 3 CHOHCH 3


③ Molecular Formula
* Atoms
represented by chemical symbol
* NO bonds are shown

* shows
type / number of atoms.




Eg [31-1>0
.




Saturated vs Unsaturated

* saturated
compounds * Unsaturated compounds

↳ ONLY single bonds are present ↳ At least one double / triple bond

↳ unreactive ↳ Reactive

E- Alkanes
g. Eg Alkynes
.
j Alkenes


C- C -
C
w
↳ CEC = C -
C
saturated
-
single ↳ unsaturated
bond bonds

,Naming Organic Compounds
Steps in
naming compounds :




1.
Identify the functional group
2.
starting from the side closets to the functional group , determine
the
longest carbon chain
3. Determine the substituents ( can be more than one)

4. write position of the substituents

5. Write the
prefix of the substituents ( in alphabetical order )

6. Write the the root prefix of the of the main chain .




Write the position of the functional
7.
group
8. write the suffix associated with the functional to
group
which the compound belongs .




Carbon atoms
Substituent Prefix in main Root Prefix Extra Info .




chain
Chlorine chloro -
•

separate numbers

Bromine Bromo - 1 meth -
from numbers

Iodine 2 eth
Iodo
using commas
-
-




Fluorine Fluoro 3
prop separate letters
- - •




Methane 4 but
Methyl from numbers
-
-




5
Ethane
Ethyl pent using dashes
-

-



carbon
Longer prefix + YI
-

6 hex
chain Letters are NOT
- •




7 hept separated by
-




Functional Group suffix
8 Oct -
spaces
Alkane -
ane
Number Of Functional
Alkene -
ene After suffix or
Groups or
prefix
Alkyne -


yne
substituents


Alcohol -01 2 -
di -




3
carboxylic Acids anoic acid tri
- -
-




Esther 2 quad -




yl
-
-
+ -
oate

,Naming Organic Compounds Examples :




0 alcohol carb . acid

t.CH#H-fIoHz-z →
ethyl propanoate

esther



Alkene
the same substituent
2. CH3CHzCEH → But -10yd
at the same

positions
cH3 alkene
31 5 M
ethyl -3,3⑧methyl
3.
§
octane.CH
CH } -
ctlz -
C -
CHZ -
CH -
CH z -
CH } → -




,

{ } Hz -
CHZ -
CH }




Halo alkane

4. CH-sc-HBRCI-CCHa.CH 3) cHzCHzCH3→ 2 -620mg -
3- ethylhexane



carboxylic Acid
5- CH> CHZCHZCHZCOOH




pentanoicacid-6.CH
→




> CCCH } )CH → 2- methyl propene




the same substituent
7. Halodlkane
91 If µ at different
H
H c
f f P
- - - -




positions

/ dichloro-I-methyloctane.tl
?
"
3=5 →
4 Y Y y
-




H -
c -
c -
c -
c -
c -
c -
H
l l l l l l

H H H Cl H H


two hydroxyl
M groups


CH3CHC0H7CHzCHzCHzCHzCOHj-shexane-y.g-di@Present.A
8.

/ COMO /

, Series
Homologous
Functional Group
Homologous Naming Of

Series Name / the
structure
Descriptions compounds


Alkane saturated suffix
H
:




C Hydrocarbon ) Hydrocarbon 1
-
ane



H -
C -
H
Examples :

1
General propane
Formula : H methane

Cntlzntz butane

octane



Double carbon -
Suffix :


Alkene
carbon bond -
ene
H
H\g=g
( Hydrocarbon ) /

Examples :

'
General / H propene
µ
Formula : methane

Cntlzn butene

Octene



Triple Suffix
Alkyne carbon - :




carbon bond
yne
-

( Hydrocarbon )

H -
CEC -
H
General Examples :



Formula : propyne
Cntlzn -2 methyne
butyne
Octyne

, Functional Group
Homologous Naming Of

Series Name / the
structure
Descriptions compounds


Haloalkanes Halogen atom
Y Br → Bromo -




bonded to F- → Fluoro
C
-




H ✗
-
-




carbon 1 Cl → chloro -




H I > Iodo
General
-




Formula :
CnHzntlX ✗ = Br F CI ,I
, ,
Examples :
Chloro butane

Iodopropane


Alcohols Suffix
Hydroxyl :




group H -01
,

General H -
C -
O -
H Examples :


Formula : 1
propanol
cntlzntzo H methanol

butanol

Octanol

Suffix :

Carboxylic carboxyl 0 -
oicacid

Acids group ,,
Examples :
H -
C -
O -
H methanoic
1
General acid
Formula : H
propanoic
Cntlznoz acid

, Functional Group
Homologous Naming of

the
series




/
Name /
structure compounds
Descriptions

Alcohol named
Esther's Esther First :
0 yl
-




Linkage 11 Acid named
c- c- o -
o second : .oa+e
General Example :


Formula :
'
•

methyl
R -
COO -
R ethanoate

pentyl
•




butanoate




Of Alcohols
Types
Alcohols
Primary Alcohols Secondary Tertiary Alcohols



H H H H H H
H -

l l l H l l t µ O H
H 1
-

H -
C -
C -
c -
O H -
C -
C -
C - i i

1 H -
C -
C -
C -
H
1 I
l l 1 1
H H H , ' H
H O H
H C
H - -
H
'
H I
H
propan -1-01 pro pan -2-01 2-
methyl propan -




2- 01

Carbon bonded to carbon bonded to carbon bonded to

hydroxyl group is
hydroxyl group is
hydroxyl group is

bonded to ONE bonded to TWO bonded to THREE
only
other carbon atom . Other carbon atoms .
Other carbon atoms .

, Structural Isomers
Chain Positional Functional
Isomer Isomer Isomer

Same molecular same molecular same molecular
Formula but Formula but Formula but
different
types / different position different functional

lengths of chains of functional
group group

carboxylic acids are Func .




Isomers of Esthers



-
H

ti ti ti it µ
,
O
,
H
,
H
,
Q YY
H H
H
f f f f
H
f
c O
f f
- - -
- - - -



H
- - -


c c
-


H -
c - -
-




l l 1 H
H H H H
H H
H
H H
Buton ethyl ethanoate
propan -2-01
-




H
1 H H H H H H O
H -

C - H l l l
l 1 1 11
O
ti Y H
f f f
- - - -


c
f f o
H c
1
- - - -



H
-
-
'
H H H H H
H
g q g
-


µ
- -


µ
-




H H H

2-
methyl propane propan -
I -01 Butanoic Acid