Test Bank for Cognition 6th Edition by Radvansky

1 Test Bank for Cognition 6th Edition by Radvansky 1. The student of mental activity and thinking, broadly conceived, is called __________. a. cognitive science b. mind science c. cognitive studies d. mind studies Page: 2 Type: conceptual Answer: a 2. When did the cognitive revolution occur? a. early 1970s b. late 1950s c. late 1850s d. mid-1940s Page: 2 Type: factual Answer: b 3. Memory does NOT involve __________. a. a mental storage system b. acquiring information c. complex decision making d. mental processes Page: 6 Type: conceptual Answer: c 4. The mental process of acquiring and retaining information for later retrieval is __________. a. cognition b. memory c. planning d. forecasting Page: 6 Type: conceptual Answer: b 5. Cognition does NOT involve __________. a. reflexes b. mental activities c. perceiving d. understanding Page: 6 Type: conceptual Answer: a 6. The collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding is __________. a. operations 2 b. mentalism c. cognition d. computational neuroscience Page: 6 Type: conceptual Answer: c 7. People first began wondering about how the mind worked __________. a. after the cognitive revolution b. after Aristotle c. after Descartes d. before any of these people or events Page: 7 Type: conceptual Answer: d 8. Reductionism is __________. a. the method in which observers are carefully trained to report on inner sensations and experiences b. the building blocks underlying the structure of the brain c. the branch of experimental psychology that deals with human participants as they learn verbal materials, e.g., items or stimuli composed of letters and/or words d. attempting to understand a complex event by breaking the event down into its componentsPage: 7 Type: conceptual Answer: d 9. Ecological validity means __________. a. the amount of experimental control the experimenter has over the important manipulations b. acquiring and retaining information for later retrieval c. attempting to break down complex events by breaking them down into their components d. representative of the real world Page: 7 Type: conceptual Answer: d 10. If we hear a complaint that experimental psychology research lacks ecological validity, the person is complaining that __________. a. the research is not representative of real-world situations b. the research lacks sufficient precision c. the research lacks an appropriate comparison group d. we are attempting to understand complex phenomena by breaking them down into their components Page: 7 Type: applied 3 Answer: a 11. If something is generalizable to real-world situations, it __________. a. is pragmatic b. acquires an air of confidence c. has ecological validity d. no longer is basic science Page: 7 Type: conceptual Answer: c 12. A person trying to understand complex events by breaking them down into their components is using __________. a. fragmentation b. reductionism c. a parsing approach d. distillation Page: 7 Type: applied Answer: b 13. Who said, “I think, therefore I am”? a. Rene Descartes b. William James c. Aristotle d. Immanuel Kant Page: 7 Type: factual Answer: a 14. Empirical observations are those that __________. a. rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement b. characterize an entire set of research data c. are conducted in a field setting outside the laboratory d. compare people of different ages at a given moment in time Page: 9 Type: conceptual Answer: a 15. The philosophy that observation is to be the basis for much of science is __________. a. empiricism b. rationalism c. structuralism d. functionalism Page: 9 Type: conceptual Answer: a 16. Which of the following is NOT true? a. Wundt established the first psychological laboratory. 4 b. Wundt’s student Titchner advocated the approach known as structuralism. c. Wundt believed strongly that the proper topic for psychology was “conscious processes and immediate experience.” d. Wundt advocated the approach known as functionalism. Page: 9 Type: factual Answer: d 17. Who is credited with being the first experimental psychologist? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. William James c. Edward Titchner d. John Watson Page: 9 Type: factual Answer: a 18. Radical empiricists believe that the mind starts out as a __________. a. cogito blanco b. tabula rasa c. scientia est potestas d. semper fideles Page: 9 Type: conceptual Answer: b 19. Many of the topics of Wundt’s research would fall under what we now label as ________ psychology. a. clinical b. counseling c. industrial/organizational d. cognitive Page: 9 Type: conceptual Answer: d 20. Titchener is most strongly associated with __________. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. the cognitive revolution d. Gestalt psychology Page: 10 Type: factual Answer: a 21. Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to systematically study __________. a. perception b. attention c. problem solving 5 d. memory Page: 10 Type: factual Answer: d 22. Edward Titchener believed __________. a. that nothing worthwhile would come of studying mental processes b. that mental illness, educational applications, and social psychology were “impure” because they could not be studied using introspection c. that the appropriate goal for psychology was the objective assessment of association formation d. that the functions of consciousness, rather than its structure, were of interest Page: 10 Type: conceptual Answer: b 23. Which is true of Ebbinghaus? a. He was interested in memory. b. He was interested in perception. c. He was interested in reasoning. d. He was interested in studying introspection. Page: 10 Type: factual Answer: a 6 24. Most associated with the method of savings is __________. a. Hermann von Ebbinghaus b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. B.F. Skinner Page: 10 Type: factual Answer: a 25. William James believed __________. a. that nothing worthwhile would come of studying mental processes b. that mental illness, educational applications, and social psychology were “impure” because they could not be studied with introspective methods c. that the appropriate goal for psychology was the objective assessment of association formation d. that the functions of consciousness, rather than its structure, were of interest Page: 11 Type: conceptual Answer: d 26. An approach that asks the questions “What is it for?” and “How does it adapt?” is __________. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. empiricism d. reductionism Page: 11 Type: conceptual Answer: a 27. William James’s research output was __________. a. high b. low c. skewed d. artificial Page: 11 Type: factual Answer: b 28. Behaviorism had its strongest impact __________. a. on the popular press b. in clinical treatments c. in America d. with education Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: c 29. How do some psychologists describe the transition from behaviorism to cognitivism? a. a revolution 7 b. a regression c. a simple relabeling d. a tragedy Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: a 30. Which is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism? a. scientific study of behavior b. focus on observable, quantifiable behavior c. antimentalist d. the first major school of thought in experimental psychology Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: d 31. The behaviorist manifesto is associated with __________. a. Hull b. Watson c. Skinner d. Tolman Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: b 32. __________ believed that observable, quantifiable behavior is the proper topic of psychology, not the fuzzy and unscientific concepts of thoughts, mind, and consciousness. a. Wundt b. Watson c. Ebbinghaus d. James Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: b 33. Neobehaviorism differs from behaviorism in __________. a. allowing the scientific study of observable behavior ing introspective methodologies c. incorporating psychophysiological measures ing unobserved mediating variables Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: d 34. Which was NOT a reason for the rise to dominance of behaviorism? a. seemingly endless debates within structuralism regarding “appropriate” interpretation b. physics envy c. success in modeling learning d. The tabula rasa position provided a superior account for species-specific behaviors. Page: 12 8 Type: conceptual Answer: d 35. According to behaviorists and neobehaviorists, the ultimate purpose of research on learning was to understand __________. a. the building blocks of conscious experience b. the acquisition of behavior by conditioning c. performance, rather than learning d. memory, rather than cognition Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: b 36. Which of the following was NOT a challenge to the behaviorist approach? a. language b. attention c. vigilance d. S–R learning Page: 13 Type: conceptual Answer: d 37. Which of the following does NOT challenge a pure behaviorist perspective? a. demonstrated effects of attention b. the role of vigilance in a skilled performance task c. language d. incorporating Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning Page: 13 Type: conceptual Answer: d 38. What was a problem with traditional behaviorism as revealed to experimental psychologists doing work during World War II? a. Most of the Army and Navy had to deal with people, not rats. b. Much longer retention periods of knowledge were involved. c. It did not address practical concerns, such as vigilance. d. The principles of behaviorism were all shown to be incorrect. Page: 13 Type: factual Answer: c 39. Which of the following was an outgrowth of Ebbinghaus’s work on memory? a. B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism b. verbal learning theorists c. researchers studying operant conditioning d. Gestalt psychology Page: 14 Type: factual Answer: b 9 40. One of the legacies of verbal learning was that __________. a. it reinforced the dominant behaviorist ideals about mental activity b. it provided a way to study mental processes in an objective manner c. no one could find any theoretical basis for the work d. an effective counterweight to research on verbal behavior was foundPage: 14 Type: conceptual Answer: b 41. __________ wrote a review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior. This review clearly illustrated the shortcomings of the behaviorist account of language. a. Descartes b. James c. Watson d. Chomsky Page: 15 Type: factual Answer: d 42. The cognitive manifesto is associated with __________. a. Thorndike b. Chomsky c. Sperling d. Bartlett Page: 15 Type: factual Answer: c 42. The essence of Chomsky’s review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior book was that __________. a. Skinner failed to supply an adequate computer model of verbal learning b. Skinner relied too heavily on animal models c. Skinner failed to consider the role of attention d. Skinner’s work was a mere terminological revision, in which terms borrowed from the laboratory were used in the full vagueness of their ordinary usage Page: 15 Type: conceptual Answer: d 43. Which of the following is a common analogy used by cognitive psychologists to describe or characterize how people think? a. attention b. digital computer c. context d. structuralist perspective Page: 19 Type: conceptual Answer: b 44. Which of the following is a central analogy of cognitive psychology? e. the flowchart f. the building blocks underlying the structure of the brain 10 g. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts: the importance of context. h. the digital computer Page: 19 Type: conceptual Answer: d 45. In response to a difficult question, a person is likely to respond more slowly than if an easy question had been asked. In terms of the overall response times, the difficult question would yield __________. a. response times with lower numbers b. response times with higher numbers c. response times would not differ d. not enough information has been provided Page: 20 Type: applied Answer: b 46. In response to an easy question, a person is likely to answer quicker than if a hard question was asked. With a sufficiently powerful experiment, it is likely that a statistical analysis would reveal that __________. a. response times would be lower for difficult questions than for easy questions b. response times would be higher for difficult questions than for easy questions c. response times would not differ for easy and difficult questions d. not enough information has been provided Page: 20 Type: applied Answer: b 47. How many milliseconds in a second? a. 1/100th b. 10 c. 100 d. 1000 Page: 20 Type: factual Answer: d 48. What is a good means of assessing how much a person remembers from something they read earlier? a. response time b. accuracy c. verbal reports d. content analysis Page: 21 Type: conceptual Answer: b 49. What type of information is useful in identifying instances in which a person has distorted memory? a. intrusions rather than accuracy b. strictly accuracy c. skewed response times d. formative interference 11 Page: 22 Type: conceptual Answer: a 50. The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. Their model is normally referred to as __________. a. the standard model b. a connectionist model c. a process model d. a channel capacity model Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: a 51. Which of the following is NOT part of the “standard theory”? a. long-term memory b. sensory register c. STM/working memory d. explicit memory Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: d 52. In cognition, STM almost always refers to __________. a. sensory terminal memory b. short-term memory c. salience to me d. standard theory of memory Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: b 53. The act of taking in information and converting it to a usable mental form is __________. a. STM b. connectionism c. retrieval d. encoding Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: d 54. What is a way of making a theory more explicit about how cognition proceeds during a task? a. Create a process model. b. Deconstruct a simulation. c. Formulate a mathematical inference machine. d. Establish a protocol. Page: 24 Type: factual Answer: a 12 55. A lexical decision task is __________. a. a process model b. a connectionist model c. a word decision task d. a priming task Page: 24 Type: factual Answer: c 56. The word frequency effect illustrates __________. a. serial exhaustive processing of the memory set b. congruency effects c. the fact that common words produce larger response times d. the fact that common words produce smaller response times Page: 25 Type: conceptual Answer: d 57. Accounts positing independent nonoverlapping stages of processing are referred to as __________. a. protocol models b. stage models c. parallel processing models d. conceptually driven processing models Page: 26 Type: factual Answer: b 58. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of a strict serial processing approach? a. independent and nonoverlapping stages b. sequential stages of processing c. Response times indicate processing duration. d. parallel processing Page: 26 Type: conceptual Answer: d 59. The sentence “I do not have to attend to what the cat will eat tomorrow” includes ten occurrences of the letter T. The Radvansky and Ashcraft text argues that people’s difficulties in finding all of the Ts reflects __________. a. channel capacity b. a failure to read the textbook c. top-down processing d. connectionist modeling Page: 27 Type: conceptual Answer: c 60. How can context influence processing? a. It can guide the flow of cognition. 13 b. There are no clear influences. c. by situating the information d. through a process of content restriction Page: 27 Type: conceptual Answer: a 61. In terms of the flow of information processing, ___________ is an influence of environmental factors on thought, whereas ____________ is an influence of prior conceptions or expectations on thought. a. bottom-up processing; top-down processing b. top-down processing; bottom-up processing c. reality-based processing; imagination-based processing d. imagination-based processing; reality-based processing Page: 27 Type: conceptual Answer: a 62. What of the following is NOT a discipline in cognitive science? a. computer science b. anthropology c. architecture d. philosophy Page: 29 Type: factual Answer: c 63. What is the name for the larger discipline that cognitive psychology is a part of, and that also includes disciplines like computer science, anthropology, and philosophy? a. mind science b. cognitive science c. mental matters d. arts and science Page: 29 Type: conceptual Answer: b 64. What is the term used for the regulation of cognitive resources? a. systemization b. mental management c. cerebral guidance d. attention Page: 30 Type: conceptual Answer: d 65. What theme of the textbook takes the assumption that cognition functions in a way to capture the ways in which people interact with the world? a. embodiment 14 b. metacognition c. representation d. conceptually driven processing Page: 30 Type: conceptual Answer: a 66. Our awareness of our own cognition and knowledge and insight into its workings is __________. a. response time b. attention c. self-actualization d. metacognition Page: 30 Type: factual Answer: d True/False Questions: 67. A cognitive revolution is part of our day-to-day existence (e.g., whenever we change our minds). FALSE (p. 2) 68. Wundt established the first psychological laboratory. TRUE (p. 9) 69. Wundt believed strongly that the proper topic for psychology was “conscious processes and immediate experience.” TRUE (p. 9) 70. Reductionism was the first major psychological approach. FALSE (p. 7) 71. Overall, behaviorism contributed in a positive manner to the development of many tools we use when investigating topics in cognitive psychology. TRUE (p. 12) 72. The study of aggression was a major contributor to the paradigm shift away from behaviorism. FALSE (p. 13) 73. The information-processing approach is a general model of human memory and cognitive systems. TRUE (p. 18) 74. The concept of channel capacity, while important for information processing, is not as relevant for cognitive psychology. FALSE (p. 18) 75. The basic idea behinds Donder’s use of response times is that response time reflects the difficulty of mental processes. TRUE (p. 20) 76. The “standard model of memory” refers to an information-processing model of human cognition. TRUE (p. 23) 77. The Atkinson & Shiffrin model (1968, 1971) provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. TRUE (p. 23) 78. Low-frequency words produce faster RTs than high-frequency words. FALSE (p. 25) 79. The study of cognition is more fruitful when considered in the context of an understanding of neuroscience. TRUE (p. 29) 80. A course in cognitive psychology is more likely to tell you about common performance limitations than is a course in psychopathology of children or with a specialization in abnormal psychology. TRUE (p. 29) Fill in the Blank/Short Answer: 15 81. The interdisciplinary development of cognitive psychology is called _______. (COGNITIVE SCIENCE). 82. Define memory. 83. __________ is the mental processes of acquiring and retaining information for later retrieval and the mental storage system that enables the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval. (MEMORY) 84. Define cognition. 85. ____________ is the scientific study of human memory and mental processes, including such activities as perceiving, remembering, using language, reasoning, and problem solving. (COGNITION) 86. Identify two important contributions of behaviorism to cognitive psychology. 87. Describe the important features of behaviorism. 88. Describe two important causes that contributed to the cognitive revolution. 89. What is the information-processing approach? 90. What are the two major assumptions of the strict information-processing approach? 91. Identify a key assumption of the analysis of response time data. (LONGER TIME MORE WORK) 92. What are two areas, other than psychology, that fall under the rubric of cognitive science? (LINGUISTICS, PHILOSOPHY, COMPUTER SCIENCE, NEUROSCIENCE, ANTHROPOLOGY) 93. Draw a schematic of the general process model proposed by Sternberg to account for performance during a lexical decision task. What are its stages? 94. What are the three main memory stores in the standard model of memory? (SENSORY REGISTER, SHORT-TERM MEMORY, LONG-TERM MEMORY) Essay Questions: 95.Describe the differences among reductionism, structuralism, and functionalism. 96.Wundt wanted to study “conscious processes and immediate experience.” How do the research tools (equipment and methodology) that are available today contribute to a greater understanding of “conscious processes and immediate experience” than was possible using trained introspection and structuralism? 97. It is broadly accepted that behaviorist accounts of language are seriously flawed. Why? (Note: be sure to evaluate more than just Chomsky’s response to Skinner.) 98. Recent developments within cognitive psychology have contributed to the development of the interdisciplinary field of cognitive science. Describe how the contributions of both neurophysiology and computer science have helped us to understand more about how people think. 99.Why would some people consider cognitive psychology to be a core discipline in the broader field of psychology? 100.What are the three major assumptions of cognitive psychology? Why is each considered important? 101.The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. What does a process model add to the description (i.e., what do we gain by using a process model)? 1-1. Which term or phrase is closest in meaning to the term “cognition”? a. Emotion 16 b. Mental activity c. Behavior d. Social activity Answer: b Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-2. Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children’s acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach? a. “How parents’ reinforcement of behaviors shapes stereotypes” b. “The effects of classical conditioning on children’s emotional reactions to gender stereotypes” c. “How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes” d. “Children’s memory for gender-consistent information” Answer: d Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Application 17 1-3. Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in people who are depressed. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper? a. Observations of social interactions between people with depression. b. The effects of vitamin supplements on the activity level of people with depression. c. The ability of depressed individuals to recall people’s names. d. The relationship between childhood experiences and current adjustment in people with depression. Answer: c Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Application 1-4. John is reading his Cognitive Psychology textbook. He notices that his stomach is grumbling, but he thinks, “I will finish this section of the chapter and then go to lunch.” John’s thought illustrates the cognitive process of _______. a. pattern recognition b. memory c. imagery d. decision making Answer: d Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-5. Suppose that several psychologists want to explore interpersonal interactions during adulthood. Which of the following topics would be most consistent with the cognitive approach? a. “How do early childhood experiences contribute to the development of love relationships during adulthood?” b. “Can interpersonal attraction be influenced by classical conditioning?” c. “When meeting someone for the first time, what attribute does a person perceive most quickly, gender or ethnicity?” d. “Do people spend less time with depressed individuals, as opposed to nondepressed individuals?” 18 Answer: c Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Application 1-6. What does the introductory chapter conclude about the influence of cognitive approaches on other areas of psychology? a. Cognitive psychology has had very little influence on areas outside traditional experimental psychology. b. Cognitive psychology has influenced experiments in some research-oriented areas of psychology, but it has not yet had an impact on applied areas. c. Cognitive psychology has influenced disciplines that are concerned with the behavior of humans as individuals, but it has not yet influenced the areas of psychology concerned with social interactions. d. Cognitive psychology has had an important impact on a variety of areas throughout psychology. Answer: d Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-7. Chapter 1 of your Cognition textbook discusses the status of cognitive psychology. According to this discussion, the cognitive approach a. primarily emphasizes our unconscious thoughts. b. can explain a major part of your daily experiences. c. is prominent within social psychology, but it has not yet been applied to biological areas of psychology. d. has had surprisingly little connection with clinical psychology. Answer: b Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 19 1-8. According to the introductory chapter in your textbook, the influence of cognitive psychology a. has been relatively weak, both within psychology and in other disciplines. b. has been limited primarily to areas related to education. c. has not yet reached applied areas of psychology. d. has extended to other disciplines, such as neurology. Answer: d Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-9. Imagine that you are attending a lecture by a guest speaker who describes a theory and then says, “Let’s now look at the empirical evidence.” Which of the following would most likely be the speaker’s next sentence? a. “Other psychologists have objected to my approach on the following theoretical grounds.” b. “We conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis.” c. “The theorists who belonged to the empirical school rejected the behaviorist tradition, for the following reasons.” d. “By combining both the cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach, we can devise a new theoretical approach to the problem.” Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Hard Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Synthesis 1-10. Suppose that your professor tells you that you must locate a journal article about cognitive psychology that presents empirical evidence. You should look for an article that a. studies humans, rather than other animals. b. emphasizes evidence collected in experiments. c. provides a theoretical explanation for previous research. d. uses at least two different statistical analyses. Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 20 Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Application 1-11. The philosopher ____ can be called the first cognitive psychologist, because he examined topics such as memory and perception and emphasized the importance of empirical evidence. a. Plato b. Sophocles c. Aristotle d. Descartes Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-12. In the introspection technique, a. people describe what they are thinking as they perform a task. b. people report their daily experiences in an informal, unstructured fashion. c. the experimenter observes how people respond to learning tasks. d. emotional responses are emphasized, rather than a variety of thought processes. Answer: a Section Ref A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-13. When researchers use the introspection technique, a. people report their sensations as accurately as possible. b. people report their experiences in a spontaneous, unsystematic fashion. c. the researchers observe how people respond to learning tasks. d. the researchers encourage people to interpret their reactions to selected stimuli. Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 21 Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-14. Your textbook discusses the early history of cognitive psychology. According to this discussion, a. Hermann Ebbinghaus opposed cognitive psychology because it did not pay enough attention to emotions. b. Mary Whiton Calkins studied people’s introspections about nonsense words. c. William James suggested that our everyday cognitive processes are passive, rather than active. d. Wilhelm Wundt emphasized that introspection could provide useful information, if participants were well trained. Answer: d Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive PsychologySection Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 22 Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-15. The primary contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to current cognitive psychology was a. the emphasis on ecological validity. b. the emphasis on research employing hundreds of subjects in each study. c. research about factors that might influence human memory. d. the notion of top-down processing. Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-16. Which of the following women was an early researcher in memory who reported the recency effect and also became the first female president of the American Psychological Association? a. Dorothea Dix b. Leta Stetter Hollingworth c. Mary Whiton Calkins d. Margaret Floy Washburn Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-17. Chris just telephoned Roberta and listed eight items that they need for the afternoon picnic. Roberta didn’t have a pencil, so she couldn’t write them down. However, she remembers the last three items very well because of a. object permanence. b. long-term memory. c. an event-related potential. Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 23 d. the recency effect. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloom’s Level: Application 1-18. Based on the information in Chapter 1, how would you describe the approach of William James? a. He emphasized rigorous experimentation and carefully controlled research. b. He asked research participants to report their sensations and perceptions as objectively as possible. c. He emphasized the kinds of psychological experiences that people encounter in their everyday lives. d. He emphasized that we must look for the unconscious forces that underlie cognitive activities. Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Hard Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Synthesis 1-19. William James made his most important contributions to cognitive psychology in his work on a. problem-solving strategies. b. memory in everyday life. c. complex decision making. d. cognitive development in children. Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Hard Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Evaluation 1-20. In contrast to Hermann Ebbinghaus, William James was more likely to focus on a. well-controlled experiments.Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 24 b. a behavioral approach to memory and language. c. people’s everyday experiences. d. clear operational definitions. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-21. Which statement about the history of cognition is correct? a. Behaviorists favored the introspection technique. b. William James emphasized that the human mind is active, rather than passive. c. Research in cognition thrived during the period when behaviorism was strongest. d. Behaviorists were influential in conducting research on problem solving. Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-22. Chapter 1 presents some information about the history of cognition. According to this discussion a. the issue of how humans acquire knowledge was not considered until about 80 years ago. b. the birthday of scientific psychology is usually traced to the first studies of John B. Watson. c. behaviorism is an approach that relies on objective, observable reactions. d. behaviorists have been primarily interested in studying images and thought processes. Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: KnowledgeObjective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 25 1-23. Which of the following movements emphasized the human tendency to actively organize what we see? a. Behaviorism b. Gestalt psychology c. Empiricism d. Clinical psychology Answer: b Difficulty: EasyObjective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches 26 Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-24. Which of the following early approaches to psychology developed the idea of insight when people solve problems? a. Introspectionism b. The Gestalt approach c. Behaviorism d. Ebbinghaus and his followers Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-25. According to the discussion in Chapter 1, behaviorism places the most emphasis on a. interpersonal relationships. b. observable activities. c. unconscious emotions. d. mental processes. Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-26. With practice and reinforcement, a rat learns to navigate a maze. A behaviorist would operationalize the rat’s “learning” as a. the decrease in the rate of errors, over time. b. the rat’s memory for the correct sequence of right and left turns. c. the rat’s internal “map” of the maze. d. the rat’s decreasing reliance on cheese as a reinforcer. Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis27 1-27. Which of the following research topics would be most likely to interest a behaviorist? a. The effect of parents’ marital satisfaction on children’s nightmares. b. The effect of praise on children’s running speed. c. Individual differences in verbal ability. d. The relationship between the true size of an object and its size as represented in a mental image. Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Application 1-28. Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the behaviorists’ contributions to cognitive psychology? a. Anton: “The behaviorists refined the introspection technique through the use of careful interview techniques.” b. Elena: “The most important contributions of the behaviorists were related to research methodology.” c. Sarah: “Behaviorists clarified the cognitive abilities of infants and children, especially in their research on object permanence.” d. Jason: “Behaviorists’ contributions to cognitive psychology focused on theoretical models, rather than on empirical results.” Answer: b Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Hard Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Synthesis 1-29. An operational definition is most likely to a. describe precisely how the researchers will measure a particular concept. b. examine the correlation between two well-established variables. c. point out alternative explanations for the results of a study. d. adopt an information-processing approach, rather than a behaviorist approach. Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium28 Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Application 1-30. Which of the following perspectives was most likely to emphasize the importance of a precise operational definition? a. William James’s work on the tip-of-the-tongue effect b. Wilhelm Wundt’s introspection approach c. The behaviorists’ research with animals d. The gestalt approach to perception Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-31. Behaviorists and cognitive psychologists are most likely to agree on which of the following points? a. Researchers need to have detailed definitions about how a concept will be measured. b. Researchers must emphasize the external stimuli in the environment. c. Theorists must try to explain higher mental processes in terms of mental events. d. Most thought processes can be explained in terms of people’s observable responses to stimuli. Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-32. A psychologist who favors the Gestalt approach would be most likely to criticize the fact that behaviorists a. ignore the context in which a behavior occurs. b. overemphasize introspection. c. are not sufficiently rigorous in designing their psychological research.29 d. pay too much attention to insight. Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-33. During the 1950s, many psychologists were becoming discouraged with behaviorism, and cognitive psychology began to emerge. A major reason they were disappointed with behaviorism is that a. it considered only psychological processes that are clearly observable. b. it paid too much attention to individual differences. c. it failed to develop objective methods of measuring behavior. d. it focused too much on emotional factors, and not enough on observable behaviors. Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-34. Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach? a. Sarah: “Psychologists began to realize that the behaviorists only emphasized behavior, and they admired how the cognitive approach emphasized people's emotional experiences.” b. Harlan: “Many psychologists favored the cognitive approach, because the behaviorist approach could not account for complex thought processes.” c. Ilia: “Most psychologists thought that the behaviorist approach was too heavily influenced by its early gestalt principles.” d. Savita: “In general, psychologists realized that the cognitive approach was better than the behaviorist approach in explaining individual differences.” Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Hard30 Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Synthesis 1-35. Cognitive psychologists believe that behaviorists cannot explain human language because a. behaviorists place too much emphasis on genetic explanations. b. behaviorists cannot provide appropriate explanations because their research rarely uses operational definitions. c. language has a complex structure that cannot be explained in terms of stimuli and responses. d. language is acquired in humans through adults’ careful teaching of young children. Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-36. During the late 1960s, psychologists began to favor the cognitive approach, because they felt that the behaviorist approach a. emphasized unobservable cognitive processes. b. overused Wundt’s technique of introspection. c. placed too much emphasis on concepts such as reinforcement and observable responses. d. devoted too much research to the organization of memory. Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-37. According to the discussion about the rise of cognitive psychology, a. enthusiasm for behaviorism decreased because it was difficult to explain complex human behavior using only the concepts from learning theory. b. Piaget’s research on children’s thinking was actually ignored until cognitive psychology was well established in the 1970s. c. modern linguistics favors behaviorism rather than cognitive approaches.31 d. behavioral approaches to human memory are still more widely accepted than cognitive approaches. Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-38. The “father of cognitive psychology” was a. Neisser b. Watson c. James d. Calkins Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-39. If a study has high ecological validity, then the most likely conclusion is that a. it had a large number of participants. b. it was conducted with animals, taking proper cautions about their safety. c. the results could be applied in real-world situations. d. the study was conducted by researchers with a behaviorist approach. Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-40. Which of the following titles of research projects would have the most ecological validity? a. “Planning strategies used in grocery-store shopping” b. “Recall for nonsense words after varying delay periods”32 c. “Children’s ability to perform abstract reasoning tasks” d. “Perception of the loudness of isolated computer-generated tones” Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Application 1-41. Cognitive science is a. an earlier version of modern behaviorism. b. a new approach for treating psychological disorders. c. an interdisciplinary field that explores questions about the mind. d. the application of principles from cognitive psychology to industry and other realworld settings. Answer: c Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-42. Which of the following interests is shared by researchers within the discipline of cognitive science? a. Internal representations of the world b. Individual differences c. The relationship between emotions and thought d. An emphasis on problem solving Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-43. An important feature of cognitive science is that it emphasizes a. individual differences in cognition. b. an interdisciplinary approach.33 c. that all mental processes should be explained in biological terms. d. that researchers should focus on personality characteristics. Answer: b Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-44. Based on the discussion of artificial intelligence in Chapter 1, a. both computers and humans have limited capacities. b. the psychologists who developed the information-processing approach emphasized that human cognitive processes are very different from artificialintelligence models. c. a flowchart cannot be used in studying either computers or human cognitive processes. d. the computer metaphor has only limited usefulness. Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Hard Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Synthesis 1-45. Researchers in artificial intelligence emphasize that a. both the human brain and the computer can compare symbols and make choices, based on that comparison. b. human memory distinguishes between short-term memory and long-term memory, whereas computer models have no comparable distinction. c. neither the human mind nor the computer can compare symbols. d. a flowchart designed in connection with a computer is very different from human mental processes. Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis34 1-46. The term “pure AI” refers to a. research that considers human limitations in cognitive processing. b. an approach that attempts to accomplish a task as efficiently as possible. c. an emphasis on the ecological validity of research in cognitive psychology. d. a technique used in neuroscience that records the responses from a single cell in the brain. Answer: b Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-47. According to your textbook, the artificial intelligence (AI) approach a. creates computer models that demonstrate intelligent behavior. b. emphasizes that humans possess a central processing mechanism that has unlimited capacity. c. is currently too vague and nonspecific to be tested. d. focuses on the development of cognitive abilities during childhood. Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-48. Some researchers believe that the human brain works like a complex, sophisticated machine. These researchers would favor a. the Gestalt approach. b. the analogy approach. c. the computer metaphor. d. the lesion approach. Answer: c Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Application35 1-49. According to Chapter 1 in your textbook, the computer-simulation method a. attempts to explain how a computer can perform a cognitive task as quickly as possible. b. is not yet sophisticated enough to perform any cognitive task as efficiently as humans can. c. typically produces an idealized version of how humans should perform a cognitive task, rather than how they actually do perform it. d. tries to create a program that performs a cognitive task in the same way that humans would perform it. Answer: d Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-50. Suppose that several cognitive scientists are trying to program a computer so that it solves a particular problem in the same way a human does, taking into account that a human may make a few false starts before successfully solving the problem. This approach is called a. the neuroscience approach. b. behavioral modeling. c. the “Pure AI” approach. d. computer simulation. Answer: d Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Application 1-51. The information-processing approach a. grew directly out of behaviorism. b. was facilitated by the early research in computer science. c. was inspired by linguists, such as Noam Chomsky, who provided extensive analyses about the way that sentences are coded in memory. d. is primarily used to explain cognitive development.36 Answer: b Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-52. According to the information-processing approach, a. we process all information at either a deep or shallow level of processing. b. introspection is the most important research technique; with the proper controls, introspection can be very reliable. c. decision-making is the primary component of all cognitive processes. d. mental processes can be interpreted as a flow of information, somewhat similar to the way a computer operates. Answer: d Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-53. A cognitive psychologist who analyzes a cognitive task in terms of a series of stages— like the way a computer operates—is using which of the following approaches? a. The information-processing approach b. The introspection approach c. The gestalt approach d. The parallel distributed processing approach Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Application 1-54. Information processing models assume that a. information from your senses about stimuli in the outside world can be compared to inputting information on a computer keyboard. b. Information from your senses is processed and recognized instantaneously.37 c. A stimulus does not need to be interpreted or identified before a decision is made about how to respond to the stimulus. d. subsystems based on algorithms are not necessary to model cognitive processes. Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-55. Which of the following students provides the best summary about the current status of the information-processing approach? a. Alena: “The information-processing approach is now more popular than the parallel distributed processing approach, because most cognitive tasks require serial processing.” b. Magda: “The information-processing approach has declined in popularity during recent years, because those models are not complex enough to explain many cognitive activities.” c. Dave: “The information-processing model is still extremely popular, and it remains at the cutting edge of cognitive psychology.” d. Samuel: “The most important model is one in which the information-processing approach has been blended with the gestalt approach, in order to explain higher mental processes.” Answer: b Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Hard Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Synthesis 1-56. Why are cognitive psychologists less interested in the information-processing approach than they were in earlier years? a. They now realize that the complexity of human thinking requires more sophisticated models. b. They acknowledge that behaviorist principles can explain memory more effectively. c. They argue that the model does not place enough emphasis on serial processing.38 d. They point out that the model works only for visual information, rather than for auditory information. Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-57. One of the characteristics of the human brain that is especially important in the connectionist approach is that the brain a. is divided into several distinct lobes. b. has two hemispheres that are somewhat similar to each other. c. has networks that link together many neuron-like units. d. has a very specific location in which it performs each cognitive activity. Answer: c Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-58. An important characteristic of the connectionist approach to cognition is that a. it handles information by processing it one step at a time. b. it first analyzes an object’s shape, then its size, and finally its color. c. it can perform many operations at the same time. d. it predicts that humans perform cognitive tasks much more accurately than they actually do. Answer: c Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-59. Suppose that you look up from this exam, and you immediately perceive a scene that includes students, desks, and classroom walls. In order to perceive it quickly, you are probably using 39 a. serial processing. b. parallel processing. c. ecological validity. d. metacognition. Answer: b Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Application 1-60. The perspective called the “parallel distributed processing approach” includes the word “parallel” in its name because: a. the human brain can process several items simultaneously. b. both the human brain and the PDP models have parallel weaknesses in terms of processing speed. c. an item stored in your brain is registered in just one very small location. d. the neural network in your brain is arranged in parallel columns. Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-61. An important difference between the classical AI approach and the connectionist approach is that the classical AI approach a. is designed to resemble the human brain. b. proceeds one step at a time. c. is more successful in explaining rapid cognitive processes. d. emphasizes motivational goals as well as cognitive tasks. Answer: b Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-62. An important characteristic of the connectionist approach is that40 a. the neural activity that corresponds to a particular cognitive activity is typically limited to a single small location. b. many cognitive activities rely on serial operations. c. it is flexible enough to explain many cognitive skills. d. it can only explain higher mental processes, such as decision making. Answer: c Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-63. Suppose that you meet a professor who is trying to determine what portions of the brain are involved in trying to recall a word that is on the tip of your tongue. This person is likely to use the approach of a. artificial intelligence. b. cognitive neuroscience. c. gestalt psychology d. behaviorism. Answer: b Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Application 1-64. According to the first chapter in your textbook, research in cognitive neuroscience a. shows that most cognitive processes can be traced to a specific location in the brain. b. often obtains brain images while people are working on a cognitive task. c. is currently most likely to explore cognitive processes by using the brain-lesion method. d. has declined in its popularity during the past 10–15 years. Answer: b Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis41 1-65. A research team is studying which parts of the brain are active when a participant looks at a photograph of a person, and tries to judge how intelligent that person is. This kind of study is an example of a. the artificial intelligence approach. b. the information-processing approach. c. social cognitive neuroscience. d. computer simulation Answer: c Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Application 1-66. Research on people with brain lesions a. usually focuses on the way that isolated nerve cells function. b. emphasizes that most people who have had strokes won’t ever recover the ability to perform a cognitive task. c. is a relatively recent neuroscience approach to cognition. d. studies people who cannot perform specific cognitive tasks after they have had a stroke, tumor, or accident. Answer: d Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-67. Some cognitive neuroscientists study brain lesions to learn more about brain functions. However, a major problem with this technique is that a. the brain damage may extend into several areas of the brain. b. this technique is low in ecological validity. c. it requires using a radioactive chemical, which may be dangerous. d. it cannot be used in studying humans or other primates. Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.342 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-68. When neuroscientists use PET scans (positron emission tomography), a. they assess the regions of the brain in which blood flow increases while a person is performing a task. b. they record the neural impulses from one neuron in the human brain. c. they stimulate a brain region in a patient who recently had a stroke or tumor. d. they place electrodes on a person’s scalp. Answer: a Section Ref: The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.3 Objective text: Discuss the inter-disciplinary nature of cognitive psychology Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-69. According to the discussion of cognitive neuroscience, the PET-scan technique a. is too dangerous to use with human participants. b. is currently used when researchers want to test memory;