Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition Comer Test Bank/ PSYC 3140 Abnormal Psychology Test Bank (answered)

PSYC 3140 Abnormal Psychology Test Bank (answered) 1 Psychological abnormality may include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. First, explain what these terms mean regarding psychological abnormality. Second, provide an example of a time when each aspect of abnormality would not be considered abnormal. • 2 Suppose a friend of yours says to you, “I feel really lousy today, and I don't know why. You're taking abnormal psych—what do you think?” If, after your conversation with your friend, your friend feels better about things, have you provided psychological therapy? Why or why not? Include the essential features of therapy in your answer. • 3 What is demonology? How does demonology stand in the way of a more complete understanding of the causes and treatment of psychological abnormality? • 4 Discuss the contributions of three of the following individuals to the treatment of abnormal psychology. Include when and where each lived. Hippocrates Emil Kraepelin Dorothea Dix Philippe Pinel Friedrich Anton Mesmer Benjamin Rush William Tuke • 5 Assume that Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix suddenly appeared in the twenty-first century, about 50 years after the U.S. policy of deinstitutionalization began. What would they think about our treatment of the “mentally ill?” What suggestions might they make for changes in our policy of deinstitutionalization? • 6 Define and contrast somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives regarding abnormal psychological functioning, and provide at least one example of evidence supporting each perspective. • 7 According to your text, deinstitutionalization has resulted, in part, in large numbers of people with severe psychological disturbances either becoming homeless or ending up in jail or prison. Is deinstitutionalization an ethical and appropriate strategy for the treatment of mental illness that the United States should continue to follow? Back up your answer with specific examples. • 8 Increasingly, people seeking treatment for mental health reasons are members of managed care programs. How are managed care programs changing how psychological services are provided? Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of such programs. • 9 The following types of mental health professionals work in the area of psychological abnormality; describe the differences in how they are educated, and in what they do. clinical psychologists psychiatrists clinical researchers • 10 Create a time line on which you place five major events in the history of abnormality. Briefly describe why each event is important to our understanding of abnormality. • 11 The aspect of the definition of abnormality that characterizes behavior as different from the norm is . • deviance • * 12 The stated and unstated rules that a society establishes to govern proper conduct are referred to as . • norms • * 13 Ken is so anxious that his anxiety by itself causes him to suffer. Ken's situation represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called . • distress • * 14 Colleen is so afraid of open spaces that she cannot leave her house to go to work. This represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called . • dysfunction • * 15 Heather has been feeling depressed and has begun to feel helpless and hopeless and is considering committing suicide. Killing herself represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called . • danger • * 16 The idea that the behaviors we label abnormal are just problems in living has been proposed by . • Thomas Szasz • * 17 While some clinicians will refer to the person they are treating as a patient, others will refer to the person as a(n) . • client • * 18 The crude early form of surgery in which a hole was made in the skull of a person, presumably to allow evil spirits to escape, was called . • trephination • * 19 The procedure that a priest or other powerful person might perform to drive evil spirits from a person is called . • exorcism • * 20 believed that abnormal behavior was caused by brain pathology that was a consequence of an imbalance in the four humors of the body. • Hippocrates • * 21 The “parent” of modern medicine who believed that illnesses had natural causes was . • Hippocrates • * 22 During the Middle Ages, a person who believed that he was possessed by wolves and other animals was said to be suffering from . • lycanthropy • * 23 The roots of today's community mental health programs can be traced back to the fifteenth century when people came to the Belgian town of for psychic healing. • Gheel • * 24 An approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized humane and respectful approaches was known as treatment. • moral • * 25 The physician who instituted a series of reforms at La Bicêtre asylum and “unchained” mental patients was . • Pinel • * 26 The treatment for mental illness espoused by French physician Philippe Pinel and English Quaker William Tuke was called treatment by their contemporaries. • moral • * 27 The American advocate for laws mandating the improved treatment of people with mental disorders was . • Dorothea Dix • * 28 The view that physical causes are at the root of mental illnesses is called the perspective. • somatogenic • * 29 The somatogenic view of mental illness was given a boost in the 1800s when it was discovered that general paresis was caused by . • syphilis • * 30 Psychological causes are at the root of mental illness, according to the perspective. • psychogenic • * 31 The inducement of a trancelike state in which a person becomes extremely suggestible fits into the model of treating mental illness. • psychogenic • * 32 Psychoanalysis's view of causes of abnormal and normal behavior fits into the model. • psychogenic • * 33 Psychotropic medications fit into the model of treating mental illness. • somatogenic • * 34 The major development utilizing drugs in the treatment of the mentally ill in the second half of the twentieth century was the development of psychiatric . • psychotropic medications • * 35 The reduction in the number of people housed in mental hospitals in the last 40 years can be attributed to a trend called . • deinstitutionalization • * 36 Moving the focus for the care of the mentally ill out of hospitals is part of the approach. • community mental health • * 37 The largest group of professionals who provide mental health services are . • psychiatric social workers • * 38 The degree that psychiatrists hold is the . • M.D. or D.O. • * 39 One who systematically gathers information in order to describe, predict, and explain abnormality is a clinical: • mentalist. • legalist. • scientist. • practitioner. 40 If you wanted a career in which you focus on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, you should look into becoming a clinical: • practitioner. • researcher. • historian. • statistician. 41 The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as: • norms. • culture. • morality. • conventions. 42 Behavior that violates legal norms is: • deviant and criminal. • distressful and criminal. • deviant and psychopathological. • distressful and psychopathological. 43 The history, values, institutions, technology, and arts of a society make up that society's: • laws. • norms. • culture. • conventions. 44 Which of the following depressed people would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder—because of specific circumstances? • someone whose mother was depressed • someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado • someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance • someone who was also an alcoholic 45 R. D. Laing said, “Insanity—a perfectly rational adjustment to an insane world.” This statement illustrates: • how dangerous most mentally ill people actually are. • that abnormality is situational. • that everyone is a little eccentric. • that drug use causes people to become mentally ill. 46 That 42 percent of people go to church and 39 percent snoop in their hosts' medicine cabinets demonstrates the principle that: • deviance is culturally defined. • behavior that is not really dangerous can nevertheless be considered abnormal. • statistical deviance is not the same thing as abnormality. • behavior that is not distressful is not abnormal. 47 If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was: • suffering from a mental illness. • deviant but not dangerous. • exhibiting a typical reaction. • statistically deviant. 48 People who engage in frenetic, manic activity may not experience distress. They are: • nevertheless considered to be abnormal. (True Answer ) • not abnormal because abnormality requires distress. • doing something illegal, not abnormal. • no longer considered abnormal, but were in the past. 49 A person who is so miserable that he or she can see no reason for living BEST fits which of the following definitions of abnormality? • deviance • distress • dangerousness • dysfunction 50 An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time, and expresses great distress over this behavior. This individual's behavior would be considered abnormal because it is: • dysfunctional. • deviant. • dysfunctional and deviant. • dangerous. 51 Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively? • distress • deviance • dysfunction • danger to self or others 52 Which of the following would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that the person's behavior is dysfunctional? • someone who is too confused to drive safely • someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class • someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice • someone who cannot stay alone for even one night 53 A Secret Service agent steps in front of the President of the United States, prepared to be killed or injured if the President's safety is threatened. Psychologically speaking, the Secret Service agent's behavior is: • functional, but psychologically abnormal. • functional, and not psychologically abnormal. • dysfunctional, and psychologically abnormal. • dysfunctional, but not psychologically abnormal. 54 Research shows that danger to self or others is found in: • all cases of abnormal functioning. • most cases of abnormal functioning. • some cases of abnormal functioning. • no cases of abnormal functioning. 55 Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not: • dysfunctional. • dangerous. • distressing. • deviant. 56 According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really: • mental illnesses. • problems in living. • caused by one's early childhood experiences. • eccentric behaviors with a biological cause. 57 A researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country, but he doesn't interfere with others' lives. The BEST description of the researcher's behavior is that it is: • eccentric. • abnormal. • dangerous. • dysfunctional. 58 College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because: • the behavior is not illegal. • they are just considered eccentric. • they don't harm anyone but themselves. • drinking is considered part of college culture. (True Answer ) 59 Defining abnormal behavior, using “the four Ds”: • allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable. • allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric. • allows us to include those who experience no distress. • is still often vague and subjective. 60 Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because: • they are not deviant. • they freely choose and enjoy their behavior. (True Answer ) • they are only dangerous to others, not to themselves. • while they are distressed by their behavior, others are not. 61 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eccentrics noted by researchers in the field? • being a poor speller • having a diagnosable mental illness • being creative • enjoying one's life 62 Studies show that eccentrics are more likely than those with mental disorders to say: • I feel like my behavior has been thrust on me. • I'm different and I like it. • I am in a lot of pain and I suffer a great deal. • I wish I were not so “unique.” 63 Clinical theorist Jerome Frank would say that all forms of therapy include all of the following EXCEPT a: • series of contacts. • healer. • third-party payer. • sufferer who seeks relief. 64 One who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help with their problems in living as: • pupils. • patients. • trainees. • clients. 65 Several researchers have shown that in a typical year in the United States about what percentage of adults show disturbances severe enough to need clinical treatment? • under 1 percent. • 5–10 percent • 10–15 percent • over 15 percent 66 Which of the following “new diagnoses” would one experiencing overwhelming concern about being bombarded with excessive information on the Internet MOST likely receive? • eco-anxiety • terrorism terror • crime phobia • cyber fear 67 Which of the following “new diagnoses” would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes and subways MOST likely receive? • eco-anxiety • terrorism terror • crime phobia • cyber fear 68 Which of the following “new diagnoses” would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about where the safest neighborhoods and schools are located be MOST likely to receive? • eco-anxiety • terrorism terror • crime phobia • cyber fear 69 The use of exorcism in early societies suggests a belief that abnormal behavior was caused by: • germs. • poisons. • evil spirits. • psychological trauma. 70 A person seeking help for a psychological abnormality is made to drink bitter herbal potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that “evil spirits” will be driven from the person's body. This form of “therapy” is called: • exorcism. • shaman. • couvade. • trephination. 71 If you were being treated by a shaman, you would MOST likely be undergoing: • psychoanalysis. • gender-sensitive therapy. • community-based treatment. • an exorcism. 72 Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve: • releasing evil spirits trapped in the brain. • bringing the four body humors back into balance. • punishing the body for its sins. • bloodletting. 73 Hippocrates's contribution to the development of our understanding of mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of: • stress. • natural causes. • brain pathology. • spiritual deviations. 74 Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four humors, one of which was: • water. • lymph gland fluid. • phlegm. • cerebrospinal fluid. 75 Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by: • hypnotizing patients. • chaining patients to walls. • ing underlying physical pathology. (True Answer ) • encouraging patients to speak about past traumas. 76 Bob experiences unshakable sadness. His friends have stopped trying to cheer him up because nothing works. An ancient Greek physician would have labeled his condition: • mania. • hysteria. • delusional. • melancholia. 77 A flash mob is MOST similar to: • mass madness. • melancholia. • trephination. • eco-terrorist 78 What model of mental illness did MOST people believe in during the Middle Ages? • the moral model • the medical model • the psychogenic model • the demonology model 79 Tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of: • exorcism. • mass madness. • physical pathology causing mental illness. • disorders that were treated with trephination. 80 St. Vitus's dance, characterized by people suddenly going into convulsions, jumping around, and dancing, was also known as: • lycanthropy. • melancholia. • phlegmatism. • tarantism. 81 “Mass madness” is a general term that includes all of the following disorders common in the Middle Ages in Europe EXCEPT: • tarantism. • lycanthropy. • exorcism. • St. Vitus's dance. 82 Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were the: • physicians. • nobility. • peasants. • clergy. 83 During the Middle Ages in Europe, demonology dominated views of abnormality for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: • the power of the clergy increased greatly. • the church rejected scientific forms of investigation. • the church controlled education. • the culture rejected religious beliefs. 84 The individual considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology is: • Hippocrates. • Johann Weyer. • Dorothea Dix. • Emil Kraepelin. 85 Johann Weyer, considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology, was a physician in the: • 1200s. • 1500s. • 1700s. • 1800s. 86 Pilgrims in Europe in the 1600s would be MOST likely to go for “psychic healing” to: • Bethlehem Hospital in London. • Gheel, Belgium. • La Bicêtre in Paris. • Athens, Greece. 87 In many areas, asylums of the 1500s, such as Bethlehem Hospital in London, became: • shrines. • tourist attractions. • sheltered workshops. • centers of moral treatment. 88 Treatment for mental illness in the early asylums tended to be: • moral therapy. • harsh and cruel. • religiously based. • psychogenic therapy. 89 What is the distinction of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547? • Popularly called “Bedlam,” it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients. • It was the first asylum founded by Hippocrates. • It was founded by Henry VIII as a place to house his numerous ex-wives. • It was the first asylum where the moral treatment of patients was practiced. 90 The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that: • mental problems had a biological basis. • demonology was a cause of mental illness. • mental illness should be treated with sympathy and kindness. • the cause of mental illness was immoral behavior. 91 The man who brought the reforms of moral therapy to northern England was: • John Dix. • Joseph Gall. • William Tuke. • Benjamin Rush. 92 The man who brought the reforms of moral therapy to the United States was: • John Dix. • Joseph Gall. • William Tuke. • Benjamin Rush. 93 The American schoolteacher who lobbied state legislatures for laws to mandate humane treatment of people with mental disorders was: • William Tuke. • Dorothea Dix. • Clifford Beers. • Benjamin Rush. 94 Which of the following is part of the legacy of Dorothea Dix? • deinstitutionalization • state mental hospitals • federal prisons • privatization of mental hospitals 95 The decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century is due to all of the following EXCEPT: • the total lack of success of moral treatment. (True Answer ) • too many hospitals, resulting in funding and staffing shortages. • prejudice against poor, immigrant patients in hospitals. • lack of public and private funding for hospitals. 96 The “moral treatment” movement rapidly declined in the late nineteenth century because: • prejudice against those with mental disorders decreased. • fewer and fewer immigrants were being sent to mental hospitals. • all patients needing treatment had to be helped. • hospitals became underfunded and overcrowded. 97 One factor that contributed to the decline of moral therapy was: • it did not work for everyone. • it was shown to be completely ineffective. • too few patients were hospitalized. • the development of psychogenic drugs replaced it. 98 Hippocrates' model of mental illness can be described as: • psychiatric. • somatogenic. • psychogenic. • supernatural. 99 The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning? • somatogenic • psychogenic • moral • deterministic 100 The discovery of the link between general paresis and syphilis was made by: • Benjamin Rush. • Emil Kraepelin. • Fritz Schaudinn • Richard von Krafft-Ebing. 101 The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that: • mental patients should be deinstitutionalized. • organic factors can cause mental illness. (True Answer ) • antibiotics cannot “cure” viral diseases. • physicians should be the ones treating mental illnesses. 102 For those who hold the somatogenic view of mental illness, the best treatment setting for those with mental disorders would be a: • community center. • spa and retreat center. • counselor's office. • hospital. 103 Which of the following statements would offer the LEAST support for the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior? • Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking. (True Answer ) • Alcoholism tends to run in families. • People with Lyme disease often have psychological symptoms. • Most people with depression are helped with medication. 104 Eugenics had as its goal sterilization of people with mental disorders, a policy based on the idea that mentally ill people: • could not provide a good environment for their children. • were mentally defective (that is, developmentally delayed). • reproduced at a rate higher than that of the general population. • should not be allowed to pass on their defective genes. 105 Eugenics sterilization reflects the perspective on abnormality. • somatogenic • psychoanalytic • cultural • managed care 106 The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to have been MOST successful was the use of: • psychosurgery. • psychoanalysis. • various medications. • insulin shock therapy. 107 Syphilis is to the somatogenic approach as is to the psychogenic approach. • eugenics • tarantism • trephinism • hypnotism 108 Hypnotism is associated with all of the following EXCEPT: • Mesmer. • the somatogenic perspective. • psychodynamic therapy. • the late 1700s. 109 Mesmer became famous—or infamous—for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed: • somatogenic. • hysterical. • phlegmatic. • bilious. 110 An otherwise “normal” person under the influence of hypnotic suggestion is made to bark, sit, and fetch like a dog. The occurrence of these “abnormal” behaviors lends support to which explanation for abnormality? • psychogenic • somatogenic • parthenogenic • schizophrenegenic 111 Which perspective was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g., mysterious paralysis) could be induced by hypnosis? • psychogenic • somatogenic • demonological • moral 112 Bernheim and Liébault used hypnotic suggestion to induce hysterical disorders in “normal” people, providing support for which perspective of abnormality? • psychogenic • somatogenic • demonological • sociocultural 113 The early psychogenic treatment that was advocated by Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud was: • prayer. • bleeding. • hypnotism. • trephining. 114 Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of: • moral therapy. • psychoanalysis. • psychogenic therapy. • all psychological therapy. 115 Psychoanalysis was developed as a form of: • moral therapy. • outpatient therapy. • behavioral therapy. • somatogenic therapy. 116 Psychoanalysis, as Freud developed it, was a form of what we now would call: • mesmerism. • outpatient therapy. • community psychology. • Kraepelinism. 117 Which of the following patients is MOST likely to benefit most from psychoanalytic treatment? • a person who needs to make profound behavioral changes very quickly • a person who has difficulty expressing ideas and feelings verbally • someone who is insightful and thinks clearly (True Answer ) • someone who is severely disturbed and in a mental hospital 118 Regarding the cause of mental disorders, surveys have found that 43 percent of people today believe that mental illness is caused by which of the following? • sinful behavior • lack of willpower • lack of self-discipline • something people bring on themselves 119 People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be than they were 50 years ago. • medicated with psychotropic drugs • hospitalized in mental institutions • homeless or in prison • treated in outpatient facilities 120 Which of the following BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization? • Fine; most people with severe disturbances are receiving treatment. • Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street. • Better than hospitalization; at least care is consistent and there is no shuttling back and forth through different levels of care. • Well; communities have been able to pick up the care of those with severe disturbances and provide effective treatment for most all of them. 121 A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other “mood” disorders. The general term for this type of drug is: • psychogenic. • somatogenic. • psychotropic. • somatotropic. 122 Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed: • antidepressant. • antianxiety. • antihypochondriacal. • antipsychotic. 123 Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called: • psychedelics. • antineurotics. • psychotropics. • psychophysiologicals. 124 Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is King David (Old Testament). If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would MOST likely be a(n): • stimulant drug. • antianxiety drug. • antipsychotic drug. • antidepressant drug. 125 Jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self-worth. The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication it would likely be a(n): • stimulant drug. • antianxiety drug. • antipsychotic drug. • antidepressant drug. 126 If your primary symptom were excessive worry, the psychotropic drug for you would be an: • antipsychotic. • antidepressant. • antiemetic. • antianxiety medication. 127 The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the United States today is MOST similar to the number hospitalized in: • 1990. • 1970. • 1960. • 1950. 128 One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the: • policy of deinstitutionalization. • use of psychotropic medication. • decrease in the use of private psychotherapy. • move to the community mental health approach. 129 In the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient: • in a mental hospital. • on the street or in jail. • receiving drug counseling in a shelter. • in private therapy paid for by the state. 130 Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances? • Many are treated by generalists who specialize in a number of different types of disorders. • Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment. • It is difficult to find treatment for someone experiencing a “problem in living.” • Private psychotherapy is available only to the wealthy. 131 Problems with marital, family, peer, work, school, or community relationships would be MOST similar to: • the sorts of problems Freud treated. • other problems in living. • problems treated in specialized treatment centers. • other problems treated with antipsychotics. 132 Suicide prevention, substance abuse treatment, and eating disorder clinics are MOST similar to which kind of market? • Whole Foods, a large market that offers many different types of food • Sweet Cupcakes, a store that specializes in only one type of food • Corner Market, a Mom and Pop store that carries rather old- fashioned food • New York Deli, a high-end market that serves only the wealthy 133 The approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person pays a psychotherapist for services is called: • sociological therapy. • the medical approach. • private psychotherapy. • the community mental health approach. 134 Surveys suggest that about what proportion of adults in the United States receive psychological therapy in a typical year? • 1 in 10,000 • 1 in 15 • 1 in 6 • 1 in 1000 135 If you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the United States, your therapy will last for • a year, with weekly sessions. • about 100 hours. • fewer than five sessions. • 24 hours, in an inpatient facility. 136 A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the time Freud was practicing is that: • fewer patients are suffering from anxiety and depression. • fewer patients receive outpatient treatment. • people are more likely to receive treatment for “problems in living.” • there are fewer specialized programs focused on treating only one type of problem. 137 Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders (babies of teenage mothers, children of those with severe mental disorders) are categorized as: • positive psychology. • psychoanalysis. • eco-anxiety treatment. • preventive. 138 Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a part of: • eco-anxiety treatment. • a somatogenic approach to treatment. • the clinical practice of positive psychology. (True Answer ) • an eccentric's level of creativity. 139 Which of the following pairs of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health? • prevention and positive psychology • promotion and public psychology • perfection and primary psychology • people and professional psychology 140 A psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, and interpersonal skill. The psychologist is MOST likely: • a psychoanalyst. • a positive psychologist. • a community mental health worker. • a rehabilitation specialist. 141 If your university had a first-year program designed to ease the transition from high school to college and to decrease the dropout rates, that program would have elements MOST similar to: • mental health prevention programs. • positive psychology programs. • deinstitutionalization programs. • outpatient therapy. 142 If your university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential, physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to: • mental health prevention programs. • positive psychology programs. • deinstitutionalization programs. • outpatient therapy. 143 Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more: • hospital focused. • multicultural. • positive. • dependent on the use of medications. 144 If you were receiving multicultural therapy, you could expect all of the following EXCEPT: • greater sensitivity to cultural issues in therapy. • a focus on the uniqueness of the issues you face. • a focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems. • sensitivity to the traditions of your particular culture. 145 “What the #%*$!! is going on? The insurance company says I have to stop my anger management program now!” The client who says this is MOST likely voicing concern about a: • managed care program. • private psychotherapist. • community mental health agency. • sociocultural resource center. 146 Which of the following is NOT a common feature of managed care programs? • limited pool of practitioners for patients to choose from • preapproval for treatment by the insurance company • ongoing reviews and assessments • patient choice in number of sessions that therapy can last 147 Parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that: • physicians and psychologists must have the same level of education. • coverage for mental and physical problems must be reimbursed equally. • the number of sessions allowed for treatment of mental and physical treatment must be equal. • patients must be allowed to choose the therapist they want for treatment. 148 Which of the following sequences is in terms of prominence of mental health treatments in the United States during the twentieth century and beyond? • sociocultural, biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral • psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive, sociocultural • humanistic, sociocultural, biological psychoanalytic • biological, humanistic, psychoanalytic, sociocultural 149 Which of the following statements is TRUE about the participation of women in the mental health professions? • There are more women in social work than in counseling professions. • Women are least often found in medicine and most often found in social work. • The profession with the highest percentage of women is counseling. • The majority of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are men. 150 A physician who offers psychotherapy is called a: • psychiatrist. • clinical psychologist. • psychodiagnostician. • psychoanalyst. 151 One major difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists is that psychiatrists: • went to medical school. • must work in a medical setting. • are allowed to do psychotherapy. • have more training in mental illness. 152 The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is: • psychiatry. • psychiatric social work. • psychology. • counseling. 153 After medical school a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal functioning; this training is called a(n): • residency. • internship. • practicum. • community mental health tour. 154 Imagine a person who works in a mental hospital analyzing various treatment protocols to see how multicultural factors impact success rates. This person is MOST likely a: • clinical researcher. • clinical psychologist. • psychiatrist. • psychiatric social worker. 155 A person is hard at work trying to discover which combination of environmental and genetic factors produces schizophrenia. Most likely, the person is a: • clinical researcher. • psychiatric social worker. • family therapist. • counseling psychologist. 156 Which of the following is the MOST accurate conclusion about the current state of abnormal psychology in the United States? • There is no single definition of abnormality, no one theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment. • We do know what mental illness is, but we don't understand what causes it, or the best way to treat it. • We haven't advanced much beyond the demonology era. • Now we understand what causes mental illness and how best to treat it; plus, we can define it. 157 The MOST accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally: • accept one definition of abnormality, and practice one form of treatment. • do not accept one definition of abnormality, but practice one form of treatment. • accept one definition of abnormality, but practice more than one form of treatment. • do not accept one definition of abnormality, and practice more than one form of treatment. 158 One who studies the history of the field of abnormal psychology MOST likely would compare our current understanding of abnormal behavior to a book that: • hasn't even been begun to be written. • has received a title, but no text. • is in the process of being written. • is completed, and needs only to be read to be understood. 159 What are important differences between case studies and single-subject experiments? Be sure to mention advantages and disadvantages of each. • 160 Case studies can be used to help more than just the one being studied. Briefly describe three ways one could use information gathered from a case study besides helping the one being studied. • 161 Imagine you are designing a study to compare school achievement in children whose mothers did and did not drink alcohol during pregnancy. Briefly describe two ways you could ensure that the study has good internal validity and two ways you could ensure that it has good external validity. • 162 Using the variables of age and reaction time, draw three hypothetical graphs, one illustrating no correlation, one illustrating a strong positive correlation, and one illustrating a weak negative correlation. Be sure to label the axes and indicate what each graph illustrates. • 163 A major shortcoming of a correlational study is that even when a correlation between two variables is statistically significant, one cannot infer causation. For example, a significant correlation exists between life stress and depression, yet one cannot say for sure that life stress causes depression. Given this major shortcoming, what are some specific reasons one might still wish to conduct a correlational study, as opposed to an experimental study (from which one might infer a cause-and- effect relationship)? • 164 Suppose you found a strong positive correlation between college GPA and self-esteem. Describe three possible and distinctly different causal explanations for this relationship. • 165 Assume that a researcher wishes to do research designed to pinpoint early-childhood events related to later development of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. What type of investigation might the researcher use? What would be potential strengths and weaknesses of the type of investigation you suggest? Finally, are there any ethical concerns the researcher ought to address? • 166 Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that older women who take estrogen are less likely to get Alzheimer's disease. Be sure to identify the control group, experimental group, independent variable, dependent variable, and ways to reduce subject and experimenter bias. • 16 A researcher wishes to use experimentation to study the effect of stress on the 7 development of abnormal behaviors. Please describe how the researcher might conduct that study, using one of the following three alternatives: a. an experiment involving experimental and control groups b. a natural experiment c. an analogue experiment • 16 Briefly describe the ethical issues involved in each of the following types of studies 8 typically involving antipsychotic drug treatments for patients with psychoses: a. new drug studies b. placebo studies c. symptom-exacerbation studies d. medication-withdrawal studies • 169 The text discusses how clinical scientists conducting research in abnormal psychology might encounter some challenges particular to this field. Briefly describe three of these challenges. • 170 The systematic search for facts through observation and investigation is . • research • * 171 Sound research in abnormal psychology uses the method. • scientific • * 172 Clinical researchers form general, or , knowledge about the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior. • nomothetic • * 173 The understanding of human behavior that clinical practitioners seek is usually individual. The term for it is . • idiographic • * 174 Jason met with a researcher several times. He was interviewed, he took tests, and he was physically evaluated. In addition the researcher studied his school and employment records and interviewed key people in his life. The type of study being done by the researcher is called a(n) . • case study • * 175 Freud's report on Little Hans is an example of a(n) . • case study • * 176 A study has when it controls for all variables except the ones being investigated. • internal validity • * 177 An investigation is said to when findings of the investigation can be generalized beyond the immediate study. • external validity • * 178 Tall people tend to have larger feet than short people. This statement indicates a(n) correlation between foot size and height. • positive • * 179 The more television you watch, the lower your grades in school are likely to be. This statement indicates a(n) correlation between hours watching TV and grades. • negative • * 180 The strength or magnitude of a correlation can vary from to . • -l, +1, • * 181 If a result is statistically significant, it is unlikely to be the result of . • chance • * 182 Correlations cannot be used to conclude that a relationship exists between two variables. • causal • * 183 Any result that is unlikely to be a chance occurrence because calculations indicate that it will occur less than one time in 20 by chance is . • statistically significant • * 184 Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population are called studies. • epidemiological • * 185 The number of new cases of a disorder that appear during a set period of time is the of that disorder. • incidence • * 186 If we knew that there were 500,000 total cases of schizophrenia in the United States as of now, we would know the of schizophrenia in the United States. • prevalence • * 187 Sammy agreed to be in the study of memory, but he had not anticipated how he would feel about returning to the lab every other year for 10 years. He is involved in a(n) study. • longitudinal or developmental or high-risk • * 188 A study of the same individuals on many occasions over a period of time is a(n) study. • longitudinal • * 189 A tentative explanation or hunch that provides a basis for study is a(n) . • hypothesis • * 190 The type of study that allows a direct determination of a causal relationship between two variables is a(n) . • experiment • * 191 Jack was doing a study on anxiety. One group was asked to estimate how many years each had to live. The other group was asked to estimate how many months to their next vacation. He then gave each of his participants the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and scored them. The score on this test is an example of a(n) . • dependent variable • * 192 Ian made the participants in one of his groups anxious by making loud noises but kept the participants in the other group in quiet surroundings. The presence of noise in this case is an example of a(n) . • independent variable • * 193 Dr. Smith deprived the participants in one group of water and gave water to the participants in the other group. She tested the thirsty group at 9:00 A.M. and the water-satiated group at 4:00 P.M. Now she cannot interpret her results clearly because water deprivation and time of day were . • confounded • * 194 Dr. Han did his experimental manipulation and then tested his experimental group at 9 A.M. and his control group at 9 P.M. His study contains a(n) . • confound • * 195 The nontreated or comparison group that is NOT exposed to the independent variable in an experiment is called the . • control group • * 196 If a participant does NOT know in which condition she is being tested, she is participating in a(n) design. • single-blind • * 197 Dr. Pliny did NOT tell her subjects which group (what level of the independent variable) they were in. She didn't tell them this to guard against . • subject bias, or participant bias • * 198 In addition to subject bias, the double-blind design guards against . • experimenter bias • * 199 Any study that compares the responses of men and women (the “independent variable”) is BEST described as a(n) design. • quasi-experimental • * 200 Genie was isolated from human contact and language by her (badly disturbed) parents for most of the first 13 years of her life. The effects of early language deprivation could easily be seen and studied. This is an example of a(n) experiment. • natural • * 201 If a researcher did a study of anxiety and used cats for subjects instead of people, she would be doing a(n) study. • analogue • * 202 The phase in a single-subject design that is comparable to a control group is the . • baseline • * 203 The serves as the control in a single-subject design. • self or same subject • * 204 Challenges faced by clinical researchers include all of the following EXCEPT: • measuring abnormal concepts such as mood change is difficult. • there are very few graduate students trained in clinical research. • rights of research participants must be carefully guarded. • there are many variables to consider, such as gender, race, and culture. 205 General principles that explain the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior are called: • theoretical. • nomothetic. • idiographic. • correlational. 206 A study of a single person that is used to explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal behavior in that person is consistent with the approach. • theoretical • nomothetic • idiographic • correlational 207 Clinical researchers are usually concerned with a(n) understanding of abnormality, while practitioners focus on a(n) understanding. • nomothetic, idiographic • nomothetic, nomothetic • idiographic, idiographic • idiographic, nomothetic 208 As opposed to clinical practitioners, who search for individualistic understanding of human behavior, clinical researchers search for general truths about abnormality. The approach of clinical researchers is: • idiosyncratic. • nomosynthetic. • idiographic. • nomothetic. 209 The clinical practitioner would be MORE likely than the clinical researcher to rely on which method of investigation? • case study with a single participant • experimental method with many participants • correlational method with one participant • cross-cultural method with many participants 210 Which of the following is the BEST example of the idiographic approach? • a detailed study of one case • a study of the most effective treatment for phobias • a study of the relative frequency of horse and rat phobias among adults • a review of all of a clinician's phobic patient cases 211 A case study of a patient includes a history, tests, and interviews with associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is understood. This approach is: • nomothetic. • idiographic. • experimental. • correlational. 212 If you were using the scientific method to conduct research in abnormal psychology, you would be seeking: • an idiographic understanding. • to advance conventional wisdom. • a nomothetic understanding. • to change current graduate training. 213 Which of the following is NOT considered a research method? • the case study • a correlation • an experiment • a treatment plan for an individual 214 Experiments are consistent with the approach. • theoretical • nomothetic • idiographic • correlational 215 The idea that children from single-parent families do show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n): • variable. • experiment. • correlation. • hypothesis. 216 A friend says to you, “I just think the Red Sox win more games on Tuesdays than on any other day.” Although your friend's statement is not very scientific, it is a(n): • research finding. • hypothesis. • example of a case study. • research conclusion. 217 Freud's study of Little Hans is an example of: • a case study. • an experiment. • a phantasy. • a correlational study. 218 A psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so his behavior is better understood. This study is a(n): • hypothesis. • case study. • experimental study. • correlation. 219 Which of the following is an example of a case study? • a study involving use of a control group • a long-term study of a clinical client • a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community • the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats 220 The controversy regarding research with animals centers on: • the rights of animals versus their usefulness in understanding human problems. • the financial cost of using animals versus the cost of research with humans. • the fact that animal research really doesn't contribute to human well-being. • the lack of standards for doing research with animals. 221 Case studies are useful for: • forming general laws of behavior. • studying unusual problems. • conducting scientific experiments. • eliminating observer bias. 222 Of the following examples of case studies, the one MOST likely to be helpful in the study of abnormality would be a case study including a well-tested, research-supported form of therapy used to treat a(n): • common disorder. • depression. • substance abuse. • uncommon disorder. 223 Case studies are useful for all of the following EXCEPT: • studying unusual problems. • learning a great deal about a particular patient. • suggesting new areas for further study. • determining general laws of behavior. 224 Which of the following is a limitation of the case study? • It does not result in high external validity. (True Answer ) • It does not lead to an individualized approach. • It does not enable the therapist to understand the whole patient. • It does not allow the therapist to propose a course of treatment for a patient. 225 Internal validity reflects how well a study: • rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied. • can be generalized to others that are not studied directly. • appears to be measuring what it is designed to measure. • predicts some future behavior. 226 If a particular study of alcoholism failed to control for cultural patterns in drinking among participants, the study would have low: • external validity. • internal validity. • face validity. • natural validity. 227 The ability to generalize results from a study of certain individuals to other individuals not studied is called: • construct validity. • context validity. • internal validity. • external validity. 228 External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study: • rule out alternative explanations. • are the result of a single variable. • apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied. • support the theory being tested. 229 A psychologist studies memory techniques in adult volunteers and learns how to facilitate memory, then applies the results to a new class of students in a psychology course. This demonstrates faith in: • the internal validity of the study. • the external validity of the study. • the content validity of the technique. • the conceptual validity of memory. 230 One of the problems with animal research is the question of whether the results can apply to human beings. This is a question of: • face validity. • internal validity. • external validity. • content validity. 231 If a study's findings generalize beyond the immediate study to other persons and situations, then the study has: • external observer bias. • internal observer bias. • external validity. • internal validity. 232 Correlational studies and experiments are preferred over case studies for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: • they offer rich details that make the results extremely interesting. • they typically observe many individuals. • they are more easily replicable. • they use statistical tests to analyze results. 233 In correlational research, external validity is established when: • all participants behave similarly. • the correlation is positive. • the sample is representative of the larger population. • the correlation is smaller than 1. 234 The major ethical concern with research on Facebook users is: • there are not enough Facebook users to make the research worthwhile. • Facebook users don't always know they are being studied. • research projects have not been approved by universities where they are conducted. • it is unethical to observe public behavior. 235 A researcher is considering whether to gather online data from Facebook users without informing the users that their data are being used. In terms of research ethics, which of the following is the MOST relevant question? • Are Facebook postings considered “public behavior?” • Are Facebook users a random sample of whatever population is being studied? • Will Facebook users be able to sue if they think their rights are being violated? • Will the potential benefits of the research outweigh the potential risks to Facebook users? 236 In a graph of a correlational study, the line of best fit: • inevitably runs from the lower left to the upper right. • is as close as possible to all points in the graph. (True Answer ) • allows one to determine causality. • has no meaning unless it is positive. 237 A researcher finds individuals who report large numbers of “hassles” in their lives usually also report higher levels of stress. Those who report fewer “hassles” generally report lower levels of stress. The correlation between number of “hassles” and stress level is: • positive. • negative. • curvilinear. • nonexistent. 238 “The heavier you are, the more food you are likely to eat.” If it is true, this statement expresses: • no correlation at all. • a causal relationship. • a positive correlation. • a negative correlation. 239 If you were to graph the relationship between the numbers of negative life events experienced in the last month and people's perceptions of stress, you would probably find a(n): • vertical line. • horizontal line. • upward-sloping line (to the right). • downward-sloping line (to the right). 240 Correlation coefficients indicate: • the magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables. • the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. • the internal and external validity between variables. • the significance and variability between variables. 241 Which of the following correlation coefficients is of the highest magnitude? • +.05 • –.81 • +.60 • –.01 242 Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship? • –.95 • –.06 • +.30 • +.54 243 If the correlation between severity of depression and age is ?05, it means that: • older people have more severe depression. • older people have less severe depression. • younger people have almost no depression. • there is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression. 244 Which of the following is true of the correlation coefficient? • It ranges from 0.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship between two variables. • It ranges from –1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables. • It ranges from 0.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables. • It ranges from –1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship between two variables and the total variability of those measurements. 245 A friend says to you, “Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. What rule can you give me to help me remember what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables?” Which of the following would you give to help your friend? • a correlation coefficient that is statistically significant • a correlation coefficient close to minus one (–1) • a correlation coefficient close to zero (0) (True Answer ) • a correlation coefficient that doesn't prove a causal relationship between the variables 246 Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A researcher would be able to make the MOST accurate predictions of scores on variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is: • close to zero. • +.45. • –.53. • –.88. 247 Which of the following correlations is MOST likely to be statistically significant? • +.85, based on a sample of 10 people • –.08, based on a sample of 100 people • +.35, based on a sample of 10 people • –.80, based on a sample of 100 people 248 A correlational study of college employees shows a strong positive correlation between self-reported stress levels and days of work missed for illness. From this study, we know that: • stress causes illness. • illness causes stress. • some other variable causes both increases in stress levels and illness. • we can make a fairly accurate prediction of days missed for illness if we know a person's stress level. 249 The major advantage of a correlational study over a case study is that it: • allows us to determine causation. • is more individualized. • has better external validity. • requires fewer participants. 250 All of the following are merits of the correlational method EXCEPT: • it can be replicated. • it can be analyzed statistically. • its results can be generalized. • it provides individual information. 251 If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, we know that: • stress causes people to have poor health. • as stress increases, health decreases. • poor health causes people to experience stress. • mental illness causes both stress and poor health. 252 A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that: • life stress causes symptoms of depression. • symptoms of depression cause life stress. • something else causes stress and depression. • life stress and depression are related. 253 The correlational method and the experimental method are similar in that: • both have external validity. • both have internal validity. • both have external validity and internal validity. • neither has external validity or internal validity. 254 Unlike the correlational method and the experimental method, the case study provides: • good replicability. • external validity. • individual information. • internal validity. 255 Which of the following results MOST likely are from an epidemiological study? • The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than in the United States. • Autism is caused by influenza vaccinations. • Child abuse is often found in the backgrounds of those with multiple personalities. • Alcoholism runs in families. 256 The form of correlational research that seeks to find how many new cases of a disorder occur in a group in a given time period is termed: • longitudinal (incidence). • longitudinal (prevalence). • epidemiological (incidence). • epidemiological (prevalence). 257 The incidence of HIV+ results on campus tells you: • one's risk for becoming HIV+. • the number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period. • the total number of HIV+ cases at a given point. • the HIV+ rate compared to the national average. 258 The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at a clinic tells you the: • total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinic. • risk of a man developing a sexual dysfunction. • number of new cases of sexual dysfunction over a period of time. • rate of sexual dysfunction in the community. 259 Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called: • longitudinal studies. • experimental studies. • developmental studies. • epidemiological studies. 260 The number of new cases of a disorder in a population that emerge in a particular time interval is called the: • incidence. • prevalence. • correlation. • epidemiology. 261 There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the Midwest this week. This observation refers to the of schizophrenia in this small population. • risk • incidence • prevalence • epidemiology 262 The total number of cases of a disorder in the population is called the: • risk. • incidence. • prevalence. • rate of occurrence. 263 The prevalence rate for a disorder will the incidence rate. • always be the same as • always be higher than • always be the same or higher than • always be lower than 264 Describing the number of cases of mental retardation in the children of older mothers in 2005 would be a legitimate goal for a(n) study. • case • experimental • epidemiological • longitudinal 265 The finding that women have higher rates of anxiety and depression than men in the United States is MOST likely due to research. • case study • longitudinal • analogue • epidemiological 266 Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells us that • children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior. • children of people with schizophrenia inherit a “criminal” gene. • criminal children cause their parents to become schizophrenic. • people with schizophrenia teach their children to become criminals. 267 If researchers studied Vietnam veterans for 30 years after the veterans' return from Vietnam, the study would be: • epidemiological. • longitudinal. • incidental. • experimental. 268 If an epidemiological study shows that eating disorders are more common in Western countries than in Eastern ones, we can appropriately conclude: • that there are special pressures in Western countries that contribute to eating disorders. • that Eastern countries have a less stressful approach to life. • that adolescence is a more troubling time for Western than Eastern children. • nothing about the cause of such a finding. (True Answer ) 269 In a scientific experiment, the variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the: • confounding variable. • alternative variable. • dependent variable. • independent variable. 270 Which of the following is an aspect of the experimental approach? • the use of confounding variables • observation of peop