PHI 208 FINAL EXAM

PHI 208 FINAL EXAM Question 1 1 / 1 pts According to Thomas Nagel’s article, “War and Massacre,” the absolutist position that creates no problems of interpretation is rule utilitarianism act utilitarianism Correct! pacifism humanitarian intervention The answer can be found on p.126 of Thomas Nagel’s article “War and Massacre” Question 2 1 / 1 pts What, according to Tom Regan, is the contractarian approach to ethics? The view that all humans have equal rights independent of particular abilities The view that what is morally relevant is the pain and suffering that an animal endures when we mistreat it The view that all animals have rights because of the agreements that we have made (or should make) with them Correct! The view that individuals have rights because of a set of rules that they agree to follow, as with agreeing to the terms of a contract The answer can be found on p. 2 of Tom Regan’s “The Case for Animal Rights” Question 3 1 / 1 pts The Ring of Gyges gave the shepherd who found it Intelligence Invincibility Correct! Invisibility Wisdom The answer can be found in “Gyges’ Ring” from Plato’s Republic. Question 4 1 / 1 pts Glaukon thinks that deep in our hearts we all believe that Both B and C. To be unjust is to be a fool. We will have a clearer conscience if we always stick to the laws of justice. Correct! Injustice is more profitable than justice. The answer can be found in “Gyges’ Ring” from Plato’s Republic. Question 5 1 / 1 pts According to Colin Stokes, in this film all the heroic, wise, and villainous characters are female. Les Miserables Correct! The Wizard of Oz Star Wars The Little Mermaid The answer can be found in the video “Colin Stokes: How Movies Teach Manhood” Question 6 1 / 1 pts What does Tom Regan say about the cruelty/kindness approach to animal ethics? You have to be cruel to be kind, in the right measure It has no relevance to animal ethics because animals are cruel to each other Correct! It is inadequate because it is possible to do wrong while being kind, and it is possible to do wrong without being deliberately cruel The best way to explain animal ethics is in terms of our obligation to be kind and not cruel to animals The answer can be found on p. 4 of Tom Regan’s “The Case for Animal Rights” Question 7 1 / 1 pts What is speciesism? Protecting endangered species from extinction regardless of economic costs Correct! Allowing the interests of one’s own species to override the greater interests of members of other species The view that endangered species have the right to exist The view that all animals should be treated equally regardless of their abilities The answer can be found on p. 5 of Peter Singer’s “All Animals are Equal.” Question 8 1 / 1 pts In Hill’s example, what did the wealthy eccentric man do to his yard after he bought a new house? Correct! 1 and 2 remodeled the kitchen covered the yard with asphalt cut down an avocado tree The answer can be found on p. 211 of Thomas Hill’s “Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments” Question 9 0 / 1 pts Hill would claim that a lack of aesthetic perception You Answered might indicate an inability to express proper self-deception. might indicate that one lacks a precise philosophical account of the beautiful. might indicate that the person simply has a different set of subjective tastes. Correct Answer might indicate an inability to appreciate the true value of things in general. The answer can be found on pgs. 223-224 of Thomas Hill’s “Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments” Question 10 1 / 1 pts James Rachels points out that when passive euthanasia is employed on infants, they typically die of: Correct! dehydration and infection. suffocation. SARS. poisoning. The answer can be found in the article “Active and Passive Euthanasia” Question 11 1 / 1 pts Midgley thinks that although we can understand or appreciate other societies, We should never judge the values of other societies. We must always respect the values of other societies. We have the right to judge other societies. Correct! We cannot understand them well enough to judge them. The answer can be found on p. 69 of “Trying Out One’s New Sword” Question 12 1 / 1 pts What is Tom Regan’s position about the use of animals in research and agriculture? Animals should be used in both medical research and agriculture but should be treated as humanely as possible Animals should only be used for medical research shown to be beneficial to humanity, never for agriculture Correct! Animals should never be used for medical research or commercial agriculture Animals should be used whenever it can be proven that the human benefits outweigh the harms caused to the animals The answer can be found on p. 7-8 of Tom Regan’s “The Case for Animal Rights” Question 13 1 / 1 pts In the video, “Drones are Ethical and Effective,” Kenneth Anderson states that drones are different from other weapon systems because Correct! they provide a longer loiter time they involve remote operation they eliminate civilian casualties none of the above The answer can be found in the video “Drones Are Ethical and Effective” Question 14 1 / 1 pts The conventional doctrine is endorsed by: neither a nor b. both a and b. Correct! the American Medical Association. Rachels. The answer can be found in the article “Active and Passive Euthanasia” Question 15 1 / 1 pts According to Kant, the moral worth of an action: Correct! lies in its conformity to the moral law. lies in the value of the expected result. lies in its conformity to God’s commands. lies in its usefulness to society. The answer can be found in Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, pp. 10-12. Question 16 1 / 1 pts In the excerpt from Plato’s Republic, Glaukon suggests that people are good Correct! only because they are powerless to commit injustice and get away with it. because their conscience tells them to be. out of reverence for the law. because living justly is objectively the best sort of life. The answer can be found in “Gyges’ Ring” from Plato’s Republic. Question 17 1 / 1 pts Robinson argues that integrity should be regarded as: Correct! None of the above An absolute value only for noncombatants An absolute value only on the battlefield An absolute value in the honor group An absolute value in all military activities The answer can be found on p. 260 of Robinson’s article “Magnanimity and Integrity as Military Virtues” Question 18 1 / 1 pts According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that: Neither the happiness of the individual nor the happiness of all is worth pursuing, since neither is attainable in this life. Correct! With the right social arrangements and education, individuals can come to associate their own individual happiness with the happiness of all. Each individual is required to sacrifice their own individual happiness for the happiness of all. If each individual strives to maximize their own happiness, the happiness of all will follow. The answer can be found in John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism, p. 12. Question 19 1 / 1 pts What does Tom Regan say is the source of inherent value in an individual? Different societies have different views about what is right and wrong, so the ‘inherent value’ of individuals is relative We do not all have inherent value; only those that live and abide by moral principles have inherent worth We have equal inherent value if we are able to experience pain and pleasure, suffering and misery Correct! Individuals have equal inherent value by virtue of being experiencing subjects of a life, i.e. conscious beings whose lives matter to them The answer can be found on p. 6 of Tom Regan’s “The Case for Animal Rights” Question 20 1 / 1 pts In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that utilitarianism is primarily concerned with what should happen Correct! is primary concerned with what will happen is primarily concerned with theory over practice is primarily concerned with universal justice The answer can be found on p.124 of Thomas Nagel’s article “War and Massacre” Question 21 1 / 1 pts Feminist ethics is based around which of the following ideas That all humans are autonomous individuals who battle for resources. Correct! That emotions can be cultivated and ought to be taken into account in ethical theory. That maximizing something like happiness or pleasure is the best way to guide action. That abstract universal principles can be applied to most situations to find the best action. The answer can be found in the section titled “Reason and Emotion” from Virginia Held’s article. Question 22 1 / 1 pts Kant argues that when I find someone in need: I should give whatever spare resources I have unless it makes me worse off than the person I’m trying to help. Correct! I should consider a world in which no one helped me when I was in need, recognize that I could never will such a world, and help them in the best way that I can. I should sympathize with them, but recognize that the world is better off overall if we each only look after our own interests. I should remember that as autonomous beings they are responsible for their own situation, and thus that I have no responsibility to help them out. The answer can be found in Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Moralspage 25. Question 23 1 / 1 pts According to John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism takes into account the happiness of: Correct! everyone, and weights everyone’s happiness equally. everyone, but weights the happiness of the agent more heavily. only the agent and those the agent cares about. only the agent. The answer can be found in John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism, p. 12. Question 24 1 / 1 pts Kass argues that there is an important difference between withdrawing treatment and active, direct mercy killing, and this difference lies in the sympathy that we feel for the patient’s suffering. Constitution of the United States. ultimate outcome of the actions. Correct! primary intention of the doctor. The answer can be found in the article “Why Doctors Must Not Kill”. Question 25 1 / 1 pts The philosopher John Stuart Mill recognized the following as a potential problem for utilitarianism It may lead people to think independently of religious authority. Correct! It may result in a tyranny of the majority It may lead to increased liberty and justice. It holds people to standards that are too high. The answer can be found in section 2.1 of Understanding Philosophy Question 26 1 / 1 pts Which of the following does not happen in the “Meet Your Meat” to animals with diseases or injuries on modern factory farms: They are taken to slaughter anyway Correct! They are generally given immediate veterinary attention They are killed for growing too slowly The meat is allowed to be “USDA pure” The answer can be found at 4:35, 5:25, 5:58, and 9:34 in the video “Meet Your Meat” Question 27 1 / 1 pts In Gilligan’s example, the child named Amy focuses on this aspect of the Heinz dilemma Correct! the relationships involved in the dilemma Kohlberg’s theory of moral development a utilitarian calculus that weighs the options the logical nature of the problem The answer can be found on page 28 of Carol Gilligan’s In a Different Voice Question 28 1 / 1 pts According to Caroline Heldman, which of the following is a question that applies to her sexual object test? Does the image display violence against people in the image? Does the image display a full image of a woman? Correct! Does the image show a person as something that can be bought or sold? Does the image show people having sex? The answer can be found in the video “The Sexy Lie” Question 29 1 / 1 pts According to Held, feminist theories of self Correct! see the self as related to specific humans in relationship examine what it means to be a woman in a horrific male-dominated world relate the individual to universal humankind pit humans against one another in competition The answer can be found in the section titled “The Concept of Self” from Virginia Held’s article. Question 30 1 / 1 pts What is Peter Singer’s point about performing vivisection on mentally disabled human infants? Correct! That if we say that it would be wrong to perform experiments on such humans but not on non-humans then we are showing bias based upon species alone That a good speciesist would not perform experiments on any being That we should test upon mentally disabled human infants because the results would be more reliable than tests on animals That anyone who would consider testing on a human infant is a monster The answer can be found on p. 6 of Peter Singer’s “All Animals are Equal.” Question 31 1 / 1 pts In his discussion of virtue and honor in the military, what does Robinson consider to be the relation between integrity and magnanimity? None of the above. The prospect of honors from one’s peers is the only realistic motivation for a soldier to act virtuously. Correct! Finding a suitable balance between the two helps prevent the excesses of each on its own. The inner honor of integrity should always take priority over the outer honors associated with magnanimity. They both should be pursued to the greatest extent possible. The answer can be found on p. 268 of Robinson’s article “Magnanimity and Integrity as Military Virtues” Question 32 1 / 1 pts According to the scene from The Bridge on the River Kwai, what is the ultimate reason Colonel Nicholson (Alec Guinness) insists that the soldiers work hard to build the best bridge possible: Because even in captivity, they know that God is watching them. So that the British forces will be able to fight the Japanese more effectively. Because the better the bridge, the more benefit they will receive and less punishment they will endure from their captors. Correct! Because it is an expression of the strength and dignity of a soldier even in captivity. The answer can be found in the clip from The Bridge on the River Kwai. Question 33 1 / 1 pts Held uses this example to talk about the political distinctions that separate men and women in the realms of the public and the private a mother homeschooling her children a city planner developing a building Correct! a mother nursing her child a business man going out for cocktails The answer can be found in the section titled “The Public and the Private” from Virginia Held’s article. Question 34 1 / 1 pts In the video “What is Just War Theory?” Michael Walzer states that a core idea of Just War Theory requires us to imagine the rules of war as they would apply to a peaceful, civil society Correct! requires us to judge the conduct of a war independently of the character of the war requires us to imagine that a war is like a bank robbery, and that the just warrior defending his country has rights the unjust warrior invading his country does not have none of the above The answer can be found between minutes 15:00-25:00 of the video “What is Just War Theory?” Question 35 1 / 1 pts Rachels claims that when infants with Down’s syndrome are denied necessary operations, this is typically because: all of the above. the surgery would be too risky. the surgery would be too expensive. Correct! the infants have Down’s syndrome. The answer can be found in the article “Active and Passive Euthanasia” Question 36 1 / 1 pts What happens to the offspring of dairy cows, according to the video “Meet Your Meat”? They go to pasture to become breeders They are placed in animal sanctuaries They stay with their mothers until a healthy age Correct! They are taken away at a young age The answer can be found at 7:00 in the video “Meet Your Meat” Question 37 1 / 1 pts According to Rachels, the “conventional doctrine” maintains that: neither active nor passive euthanasia are ever permissible. both active and passive euthanasia are sometimes permissible. Correct! passive euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but active euthanasia never is. active euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but passive euthanasia never is. The answer can be found in the article “Active and Passive Euthanasia” Question 38 1 / 1 pts What, according to Noddings, do male philosophers tend to say about death (as opposed to women)? Correct! Male philosophers often talk as though the world or reason and abstraction is superior to the physical world of the body Women are more able to allow their faith in the afterlife overcome their aversion to death Death tends to be harder on men due to their attachments to the glory of this world Men are more brave in the face of death than women because of their natural courageousness The answer can be found on p. 219-220 of Nel Noddings’s “Maternal Ethics” Question 39 1 / 1 pts Utilitarianism is a form of what broader kind of ethical theory? egoistical trolly problematic Correct! consequentialist deontological The answer can be found in section 2.1 of Understanding Philosophy Question 40 1 / 1 pts In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that moral absolutism is consistent with the principles of utilitarianism can be used to justify genocide Correct! is primarily concerned with what a person is doing is primarily concerned with the outcome of a person’s actions The answer can be found on p.124 of Thomas Nagel’s article “War and Massacre” Question 41 1 / 1 pts When faced with the complaint that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy of pigs, Mill responds that pleasures differ in: weight. species. Correct! quality. purity. The answer can be found in John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism, pp. 5-6. Question 42 1 / 1 pts Robinson describes integrity as a virtue that has the None of the above Excess such as generosity and deficiencies such as weakness of pleasure Excess such as arrogance and deficiencies such as weakness of pleasure Excess such as generosity and deficiencies such as weakness of will Correct! Excess such as arrogance and deficiencies such as weakness of will The answer can be found on p. 263 of Robinson’s article “Magnanimity and Integrity as Military Virtues” Question 43 1 / 1 pts How have historians tended to treat typically male tendencies versus typically female tendencies? No correlation has been found at all between criminal violence and childhood abuse Correct! Male tendencies, like mathematics, warfare, and even singing have been prized more highly Female traditions have been emphasized because they reflect keep aesthetic refinement and sophistication Historians value female tendencies more highly because it is childbearing and childrearing that enable the group to survive The answer can be found on p. 215-216 of Nel Noddings’s “Maternal Ethics” Question 44 1 / 1 pts Which of the following makes it difficult to calculate the utility of an act Correct! all of the above determining what constitutes the greatest good disagreements about the meaning of pleasure or happiness the time frame of the consequences The answer can be found in section 2.1 of Understanding Philosophy Question 45 1 / 1 pts According to Held, the following have been aligned with femininity in the history of Western thought Correct! all of the above passion weakness emotion The answer can be found in the section titled “The History of Ethics” from Virginia Held’s article. Question 46 1 / 1 pts This is the name for prostitutes in India who have been dedicated to a female goddess Sangli Correct! Devadasi Hiermala Hindus The answer can be found in the video “Prostitutes of God” Question 47 1 / 1 pts According to the videos, in which is it legal to commit assisted suicide? Canada Mexico Germany Correct! Switzerland The answer can be found in the video “Right to Die, Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia Part 1 5” Question 48 1 / 1 pts Rachels concludes that: Correct! none of the above. active euthanasia is always morally permissible. passive euthanasia is always worse than active euthanasia. active euthanasia is always worse than passive euthanasia. The answer can be found in the article “Active and Passive Euthanasia” Question 49 1 / 1 pts Jeremy Waldron argues that drone warfare is neither ethical or effective because it promotes the growth of terrorism inhibits the development of counter-terrorism strategies Correct! all of the above threatens a world of death lists and death squads The answer can be found in the video “Drones Are Not Ethical and Effective” Question 50 1 / 1 pts According to Aristotle, we should begin ethical inquiry by specifying: which things are intrinsically valuable. Correct! the ultimate aim of all that we do. what our fundamental duties are. what constraints on behavior it would be reasonable to agree to. The answer can be found in section I.2 of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics Quiz Score: 49 out of 50 PreviousNext Last Attempt Details: 2 More Attempts available Take the Quiz Again