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Samenvatting Ethische En Rechtsfilosofische Stromingen

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Ethische En Rechtsfilosofische Stromingen

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SAMENVATTING CURSUS (+ NOTITIES)




Julie Kerckaert | Ethische en rechtsfilosofische stromingen | Academiejaar 2014-2015

,Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: De klassieke rechtvaardigingstoets ......................................................................... 3
1. Normatieve problemen ........................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Geloof ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Emoties ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Feitelijke toestand ............................................................................................................... 4
2. Normatieve problemen: de rationele benadering............................................................ 4
2.1 Jeremy Bentham: de morele calculus .............................................................................. 4
2.2 Immanuel Kant: de morele plicht .................................................................................... 5
3. De klassieke rechtvaardigingstoets ..................................................................................... 6
3.1 Schendingsfase ..................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 De overtreffase ..................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 De uitzonderingsfase .......................................................................................................... 8
3.4 De interventiefase ................................................................................................................ 8
Hoofdstuk 2: Het beginsel van menselijke waardigheid ............................................................. 9
1. Inleding ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2. Het belang van menselijke waardigheid ............................................................................ 9
3. Vier betekenisvelden ............................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Het verbod op onmenselijke behandeling .................................................................. 10
3.2 Recht op een menswaardig bestaan (positief recht) .................................................... 10
3.3 Recht op zelfbeschikking (negatief recht) ...................................................................... 10
3.4 Verbod op discriminatie ................................................................................................... 10
4. Dehumanisering ..................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 Animale en machinale dehumanisering ....................................................................... 11
4.2 Is animale dehumanisering erger dan machinale? .................................................... 11
4.3 Handhaving van de grens tussen mens en dier ........................................................... 12
4.4 Twee theorieën over de grens tussen mens en dier ................................................... 12
5. Ten slotte: over dierlijke waardigheid? .............................................................................14
Hoofdstuk 3: Het vrijheids- of autonomiebeginsel ...................................................................... 15
1. De schaduwzijde van vrijheid............................................................................................... 15
2. Drie soorten vrijheden ........................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Zelfbepaling (negatieve vrijheid) .................................................................................... 15
2.2 Zelfbeschikking (zelfdeterminatie, conditionele vrijheid) ..................................... 16
2.3 Zelfrealisatie (zelfontplooiing, positieve vrijheid, normatieve vrijheid) ............ 16




PAGINA 1

, 3. Vrijheid van privéleven (privacy) ....................................................................................... 16
3.1 Van vrijheid naar privacy: opkomst, crisis en heropleving van een
fundamentele vrijheid ................................................................................................................ 16
3.2 Schadebeginsel en paternalisme ..................................................................................... 17
3.3 Schadebeginsel en vrije meningsuiting ........................................................................ 18
4. Vrijheid van opvoeden .......................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Ter inleiding: het thuisonderwijs van Pauline de Broglie ....................................... 18
4.2 Drie beginselen................................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Toepassingen ...................................................................................................................... 18
5. Vrijheid van cultuur en godsdienst (multiculturalismedebat) ................................... 19
5.1 Multiculturele controverses ............................................................................................ 19
5.2 Drie beginselen................................................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 4: Het gelijkheidsbeginsel ............................................................................................ 19
1. Gelijkheid: een allemansvriend .......................................................................................... 19
2. De formele gelijkheid van Aristoteles ............................................................................... 19
3. Gelijkwaardigheid of rechtengelijkheid tijdens de Verlichting ................................. 19
4. Kanselgelijkheid na WOII .................................................................................................... 19
5. Compenserende kansengelijkheid .................................................................................... 19
6. Bronnengelijkheid ................................................................................................................. 19
7. Welvaartsgelijkheid ............................................................................................................... 19
7.1 Van utopische droom tot dictatuur van het proletariaat ......................................... 19
7.2 Vormen van welvaartsgelijkheid .................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 5: Het recht om te straffen ............................................................................................ 19
1. Straffen als rechtsfilosofisch probleem ............................................................................ 19
2. De utilitaristische rechtvaardiging (Bentham, Beccaria) ............................................. 20
3. De retributivistische rechtvaardiging (Kant, Beccaria) ................................................. 21
4. De moreel-educatieve rechtvaardiging (B. f. Skinner) .................................................. 22
5. Conclusie .................................................................................................................................. 22
Hoofdstuk 6: De libertaristische kritiek op de egalitaire sociaaldemocratie ...................... 23
1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................... 23
2. Friedrich Hayek (Friedrich August von Hayek, 1899-1992) ........................................... 23
3. Robert Nozick (1938-2002) .................................................................................................... 23
4. Rechts alternatief voor zelfgenoegzaam links? .............................................................. 23




PAGINA 2

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