WGU D512 TASK 3 CERTIFICATION SCRIPT
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Magnum.
Answer: OpenStack module that is an umbrella project that provides
containerization assistance. This module is still in development.
◍ OpenFlow.
Answer: Defined by the ONF, is a protocol between the control and
forwarding layers of an SDN architecture, and is by far the most widespread
implementation of SDN.
◍ Routing Control Platform (RCP).
Answer: Proposed in for the provisioning of inter-domain routing over a
BGP network. Routing is done as a separate entity. Control from physically
distributed entities in a domain is logically centralized in a control plane.
◍ Installation.
Answer: The attacker may install malware on the victim.
◍ Proactive security.
Answer: Refers to a new paradigm of security management, where instead
of defending the network infrastructure by detecting, preventing, tracking
and remediation of threats, attack surface is changed over time.
◍ Network Functions Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI).
Answer: Is the entirety of the hardware and software components that build
the environment where VNFs are deployed.
◍ Murano.
Answer: OpenStack module that provides a white list repository of
, applications.
◍ Risk.
Answer: The quantifiable likelihood of loss due to a realized threat, and it
emphasizes the quantitative of potential damages.
◍ Application Level MTD.
Answer: Involves a change in the application required, source code, memory
mapping, and software version.
◍ MTD - Redundancy.
Answer: Creates multiple replicas of a network component in order to
maintain an optimal level of service in case of network attacks like DDoS
attacks. Another benefit is that we can create decoys in the network for
increasing the discovery time of the actual target.
◍ Open Platform for NFV (OPNFV).
Answer: Created by the Linux Foundation in 2014 and is a collaborative
open-source platform that seeks to develop NFV and shape its evolution.
◍ NFV Management and Orchestration (NFV-MANO).
Answer: Consists of all functional blocks, data repositories, reference points,
and interfaces that are used for managing and orchestrating VNFs and the
NFVI.
◍ Clustering.
Answer: Adds a layer of defense against the controller being a single point
of failure by having one or more controllers in an active / standby scenario.
◍ RouteFlow.
Answer: Project initially named as QuagFlow, which aimed to provide IP
routing as Router-as-a-Service in a virtualized environment. Considered the
basic architecture to control routing in SDNs.
◍ OpenStack.
Answer: An open-source cloud computing platform that has high market
penetration that includes a collection of interoperable modules that are used
, to orchestrate large pools of compute, storage, and networking resources.
◍ Two most common forms of NVs.
Answer: Protocol-based virtual networksVirtual networks that are based on
virtual devices
◍ Ironic.
Answer: OpenStack module that is a provisioning tool for baremetal
installation of compute capabilities instead of VMs in OpenStack.
◍ Application layer.
Answer: Contains the typical network applications or functions
organizations use and talk to control layer via NBI
◍ L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol).
Answer: a tunneling protocol used to support VPNs or as part of the delivery
of services by ISPs. It does not provide any encryption or confidentiality by
itself. Rather, it relies on an encryption protocol that it passes within the
tunnel to provide privacy.
◍ Vulnerability.
Answer: A weakness or gap in a security system that can be either exploited
by attackers or caused by malfunctioning system components.
◍ POSTROUTING.
Answer: After all other routing rules have been applied, the NAT chain that
will determine where it goes based on where it came from (source).
◍ Exploitation.
Answer: This implies actual detonation of the attack, such as the exploit
running on the system.
◍ Intrusion Prevention System (IPS).
Answer: a network security / threat prevention technology that examines
network traffic flows to detect and prevent vulner ability exploits.
◍ UDP port number 68.
Answer: Destination port of a DHCP client
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Magnum.
Answer: OpenStack module that is an umbrella project that provides
containerization assistance. This module is still in development.
◍ OpenFlow.
Answer: Defined by the ONF, is a protocol between the control and
forwarding layers of an SDN architecture, and is by far the most widespread
implementation of SDN.
◍ Routing Control Platform (RCP).
Answer: Proposed in for the provisioning of inter-domain routing over a
BGP network. Routing is done as a separate entity. Control from physically
distributed entities in a domain is logically centralized in a control plane.
◍ Installation.
Answer: The attacker may install malware on the victim.
◍ Proactive security.
Answer: Refers to a new paradigm of security management, where instead
of defending the network infrastructure by detecting, preventing, tracking
and remediation of threats, attack surface is changed over time.
◍ Network Functions Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI).
Answer: Is the entirety of the hardware and software components that build
the environment where VNFs are deployed.
◍ Murano.
Answer: OpenStack module that provides a white list repository of
, applications.
◍ Risk.
Answer: The quantifiable likelihood of loss due to a realized threat, and it
emphasizes the quantitative of potential damages.
◍ Application Level MTD.
Answer: Involves a change in the application required, source code, memory
mapping, and software version.
◍ MTD - Redundancy.
Answer: Creates multiple replicas of a network component in order to
maintain an optimal level of service in case of network attacks like DDoS
attacks. Another benefit is that we can create decoys in the network for
increasing the discovery time of the actual target.
◍ Open Platform for NFV (OPNFV).
Answer: Created by the Linux Foundation in 2014 and is a collaborative
open-source platform that seeks to develop NFV and shape its evolution.
◍ NFV Management and Orchestration (NFV-MANO).
Answer: Consists of all functional blocks, data repositories, reference points,
and interfaces that are used for managing and orchestrating VNFs and the
NFVI.
◍ Clustering.
Answer: Adds a layer of defense against the controller being a single point
of failure by having one or more controllers in an active / standby scenario.
◍ RouteFlow.
Answer: Project initially named as QuagFlow, which aimed to provide IP
routing as Router-as-a-Service in a virtualized environment. Considered the
basic architecture to control routing in SDNs.
◍ OpenStack.
Answer: An open-source cloud computing platform that has high market
penetration that includes a collection of interoperable modules that are used
, to orchestrate large pools of compute, storage, and networking resources.
◍ Two most common forms of NVs.
Answer: Protocol-based virtual networksVirtual networks that are based on
virtual devices
◍ Ironic.
Answer: OpenStack module that is a provisioning tool for baremetal
installation of compute capabilities instead of VMs in OpenStack.
◍ Application layer.
Answer: Contains the typical network applications or functions
organizations use and talk to control layer via NBI
◍ L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol).
Answer: a tunneling protocol used to support VPNs or as part of the delivery
of services by ISPs. It does not provide any encryption or confidentiality by
itself. Rather, it relies on an encryption protocol that it passes within the
tunnel to provide privacy.
◍ Vulnerability.
Answer: A weakness or gap in a security system that can be either exploited
by attackers or caused by malfunctioning system components.
◍ POSTROUTING.
Answer: After all other routing rules have been applied, the NAT chain that
will determine where it goes based on where it came from (source).
◍ Exploitation.
Answer: This implies actual detonation of the attack, such as the exploit
running on the system.
◍ Intrusion Prevention System (IPS).
Answer: a network security / threat prevention technology that examines
network traffic flows to detect and prevent vulner ability exploits.
◍ UDP port number 68.
Answer: Destination port of a DHCP client
