ANTH 170C1 Exam 1 Clicker Questions Latest 2021...

ANTH 170C1 Exam 1 Clicker Questions Exam 1 Adaptation by Natural Selection Which of the following does not describe humans? A. Eukaryotic B. Eutherian C. Mammal D. Prokaryotic E. Primate F. Genus Homo True or False: Humans share an ancestor with all currently existing bacterial (type of prokaryote) cells? A. True B. False Approximately when did the ancestor of all life on earth live? A. 2 mya B. 2 bya C. 200,000 ya D. 3.5 mya E. 3.5 bya F. 350,000 ya The ancestor of all modern Homo sapiens lived around A. 2 mya B. 2 bya C. 200,000 ya D. 20,000 ya E. 2,000 ya F. 7,000 ya Natural selection is a/an: (is someone or something doing natural selection or is it just happening)? A. Active process B. Passive process What are the 3 conditions for Natural Selection? A. Variation, survival, differential reproduction based on variation B. Variation, inheritance, differential survival and reproduction based on variation C. Morphology, inheritance, differential survival based on morphology _____ is the mechanism whereby having stretches of DNA that enable better abilities to create copies of oneself (reproduce), leads to more of those stretches of DNA in future generations. The process whereby different versions of those stretches of DNA change in frequency within a population is called _____. A. Evolution, natural selection B. Natural selection, evolution C. Adaptation, natural selection D. Adaptation, evolution Is natural selection occurring in human populations currently? A. Yes B. No When will natural selection have the largest effect? A. When there are enough resources for all individuals in a population to survive and reproduce B. When there are only enough resources for some individuals to survive and reproduce When do you think (no incorrect answer) natural selection has had the largest effect on humans? A. In the past when most humans were living as hunter gatherers B. Now, when human populations are much more dense C. In the transition when most human populations switched from a hunter gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural lifestyle D. At random times throughout our history when the environment was changing most drastically What do you think is the unit of selection for natural selection? A. The population B. The individual C. The genome D. The gene What is the unit that evolves? A. The population B. The individual C. The genome D. The gene Which individuals are likely to leave more descendants? Individuals who can: A. Survive into old age but produce very few offspring B. Produce lots of offspring but only live a couple of months Natural Selection cont. and the EEA _____ is the process whereby future generations exhibit changes in gene frequencies. This happens either due to random events, also known as genetic drift, or due to _____. In the latter, certain individuals have _____ that enable them to be more successful at _____. A. Natural selection, evolution, adaptations, reproduction B. Evolution, natural selection, adaptations, reproduction C. Natural selection, evolution, adaptations, survival D. Evolution, natural selection, adaptations, survival True of False: The goal of natural selection is to produce organisms that are best suited to their environment A. True B. False In an evolutionary sense, the term fitness refers to: A. The efficiency with which oxygen travels through the body to reach cells B. The number of offspring and/or grand offspring an individual has C. Reproductive success D. B and C E. None of the above Which of the following lists the types of natural selection in the correct order from left to right? A. Directional, stabilizing, disruptive B. Stabilizing, disruptive, directional C. Disruptive, stabilizing, directional D. Stabilizing, directional, disruptive E. Directional, disruptive, stabilizing Under stabilizing selection, which individuals have the highest reproductive success/fitness? A. Individuals with an extremely large version of a trait B. Individuals with an extremely small version of a trait C. Individuals with average (mean) version of a trait Under directional selection a trait starts to show _____ (within a population over time), while under disruptive selection a trait becomes _____ (within a population over time). A. Less variation, 2 morphs B. Larger or smaller values, 2 morphs C. Less variation, less frequent D. Larger or smaller values, more frequent E. Less variation, more frequent F. Larger or smaller values, less frequent What is the main EEA for the human trait of large brains? A. Modern society with all of our complex technology B. The Middle East 10,000 years ago when humans started farming C. The African savannah around 2 million years ago when humans were hunting and gathering D. All of the above Which lifestyle is the likely EEA for most of humans’ derived (new) traits since their split from a common ancestor with chimpanzees? A. A forager (hunter-gatherer) lifestyle B. A grocery store lifestyle Bipedalism is _____ trait in humans relative to the time when we last shared a common ancestor with Orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees? A. An ancestral B. A derived Bipedalism is _____ trait in humans relative to the time when we last shared a common ancestor with Neanderthals? A. An ancestral B. A derived Traits that are similar in two species because those species both inherited the trait from an ancestor who had that trait are known as _____ traits. A. Analogous B. Derived C. Ancestral D. Homologous E. All of the above Traits that are similar in two species because those species both evolved similar solutions to similar environmental challenges are known as _____ traits. A. Analogous B. Derived C. Ancestral D. Homologous E. All of the above Traits that are new to a lineage relative to a particular time are known as _____ traits. A. Analogous B. Derived C. Ancestral D. Homologous E. All of the above Traits that are not new to a lineage relative to a particular time are known as _____ traits. A. Analogous B. Derived C. Ancestral D. Homologous E. All of the above The Evolution of Cooperation A behavior that benefits the recipient but costs the actor is _____, while a behavior that costs the recipient and benefits the actor is _____. When both parties benefit we call it _____. A. Altruism, spite, cooperation B. Selfish, spite, altruism C. Cooperation, altruism, cooperation D. Altruism, selfish, cooperation E. Selfish, altruism, cooperation True or False: An individual who cooperates with any and everyone is likely to have higher reproductive success than someone who discriminates and only cooperates with individuals who possess certain traits? A. True B. False Inclusive fitness refers to: A. The number of offspring an individual has B. The number of genes an individual passes on through offspring C. The number of gene copies that an individual contributes to future generations D. The total number of gene copies that an individual and each of his/her relatives pass on to future generations Would a behavior that cost you 4 reproductive units and benefitted your half brother by 9 reproductive units be adaptive? (rb>c) A. Yes B. No (r=2.25, b=9, c=4) If the cost to the actor is 3 reproductive units, and the recipient is the actor’s granddaughter, how big does the benefit have to be in order for the behavior to be selective under Hamilton’s rule (rb>c)? A. >3 B. >4 C. >6 D. >12 (r=0.25, b=?, c=3) E. >20 Kin selection helps explain why seemingly altruistic behaviors should be adaptive by: A. Clarifying the relationship between genes and reproductive fitness B. Demonstrating the fitness benefits of helping kin C. Revealing that the “cost” to the donor can actually be a benefit if helping kin D. A, B, & C E. None of the above What is r (for rb>c) for an aunt and her niece? A. 0.125 B. 0.25 C. 0.5 D. 0.75 E. 1 Why might grandparents be notorious for spoiling grandkids if they are only related to their grandkids by and average of 25%? A. Kin selection probably does not apply to grandparents B. The cost in reproductive fitness to grandparents will generally be very low because they are unlikely to have any more offspring C. Grandparents can be up to 50% related to grandkids and unconsciously detect when there is a high degree of relatedness Kin selection provides a theoretical explanation of how which types of behaviors could evolve? A. Cooperative B. Selfish C. Altruistic D. Spiteful E. All of the above Reciprocity: sometimes if an individual cheats on his/her cost, they will be punished. An interaction where an actor punishes a recipient can best be categorized (in the short term) as what class of interaction: A. Altruism B. Cooperation C. Selfish D. Spiteful Reciprocity: sometimes if an individual cheats on his/her cost, they will be punished. An interaction where an actor punishes a recipient may best be categorized (in the long term) as what class of interaction: A. Altruism B. Cooperation C. Selfish D. Spiteful Do you think natural selection would favor an individual who helps others in group/species at a net cost to his/her fitness? (= group selection) (no wrong answer) A. Yes B. No C. Almost never If a group of altruists is invaded by a selfish individual, who will pass on the most genes in that group? A. It depends B. By definition, the selfish individual will pass on more genes C. By definition, the altruists will pass on more genes Do you think that an ability to cooperate likely selected for empathy and a sense of fairness or the other way around? A. Benefits of cooperation selected for empathy and sense of fairness B. Benefits from empathy and sense of fairness selected for cooperation Do you think that human cooperation is qualitatively different that nonhuman cooperation? A. Yes B. No C. I’m not sure The Order Primates A trait that is new to a lineage relative to a specific point in time is referred to as a/an: A. Derived trait B. Analogous trait C. Homologous trait D. All of the above A trait that is found in two organisms and also found in their most recent common ancestor is most likely a/an: A. Derived trait B. Analogous trait C. Homologous trait D. All of the above A trait that is found in two organisms but is not found in their most recent common ancestor is most likely a/an: A. Derived trait B. Analogous trait C. Homologous trait D. All of the above Which of the following is not a trait common to most primates? A. Prehensile hands and feet B. Prehensile tails C. Good vision D. Reduced sense of smell E. Relatively large brains F. Slow development True or False: Strepsirhines are more closely related to humans than Haplorhines? A. True B. False Which group of primates are tarsiers most closely related to? A. Lemurs B. Lorises C. New and Old World Monkeys _____ have prehensile tails while _____ commonly have twins A. Small NWMs, marmosets and tamarins B. Large NWMs, marmosets and tamarins C. All monkeys, marmosets and tamarins D. Large NWMs, all NWMs Given that no other primates have prehensile tails and giving birth to twins is very rare, these traits are likely _____ in NWMs/platyrrhines A. Homologous B. Analogous C. Ancestral D. Derived Which type of primates are we most closely related to? (which primate do we share the most recent common ancestor)? A. Old World Monkeys B. New World Monkeys C. Strepsirrhines (lemurs and lorises) D. Platyrrhines What kind of traits are short arms in humans relative to the last common ancestor of the hominoid family? A. Analogous B. Homologous C. Derived If short arms are a derived trait since the last common ancestor of the hominoid family, when and where did this trait likely evolve? A. Within last 6 million years in forest habitat B. Within last 20 million years in forest habitat C. Within last 6 million years in non-forest habitat D. Within last 20 million years in non-forest habitat To which type of primate are we mostly closely related? A. Gibbons B. Gorillas C. Orangutans D. Chimpanzees E. Bonobos F. We are equally closely related to D and E What is the best way to describe the style of locomotion used by the living apes including gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos (but not humans) when they move through the trees? A. Quadrupeds B. Bipeds C. Brachiators D. Jumpers E. None of the above Which great ape is strictly arboreal and lives alone or with dependent offspring only? A. Gibbons B. Gorillas C. Orangutans D. Chimpanzees E. Bonobos True or False: The chimpanzee that is dominant is always the largest and/or strongest male? A. True B. False Which of the following traits is homologous in humans and chimpanzees? (choose all that apply) A. Slow development B. Small canines C. Bipedalism D. No tail E. Short arms What do the dates in the figure to the right refer to? A. The time when each of the group of primate existed B. The time when each group of primates shared ancestors with all other primates C. The time when each group of primate shared a common ancestor with humans D. None of the above Which type of primate evolved first? A. Monkey B. Ape C. Monkeys and apes evolved at the same time Why is this marmoset biting holes in this tree trunk? A. To eat the bark B. To eat the sap underneath the bark C. To create an injury to the tree which will later release sap that the marmoset can eat D. To create a hole where he/she can store sap According to the video, why do monkeys live in groups? (choose all that apply) A. To keep warm at night B. To defend food C. To learn from each other D. To watch for predators E. To guard mates