Learning
Assignment
● Validity: valid measure = accurate measure. Bigger distance in fingers = more
intelligence → not valid
● Validity has to do with the measurement and having a result that makes sense
● Comment on the validity of the measurement not necessarily how good the result is.
Demo
➔ Played a loud sound on youtube
◆ Can opening sound
◆ Coke commercial is a
➔ Learning
◆ A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behaviour or knowledge due to
experience
● We can respond differently to the same stimulus over time
○ Habituation: decreased response to a repeated stimulus (over
time, typically recurring frequently.
◆ The background noise in a class
○ Sensitization: increased response to a repeated stimulus.
Typically something annoying and dangerous
◆ In the woods you hear a hissing sound, it's getting louder.
You will pay more attention to it
◆ Two main types of learning by association
● Between different stimuli → classical conditioning
● Between a behaviour and a consequence → operant conditioning
Part 1: Classical Conditioning
➔ Learning Via Association
◆ Large amounts of learning occur through association
● Pop opening and think of cleaning thirst or opening coke.
◆ Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning is a form of learning in which animals come to
respond to a stimulus which has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an
automatic response
➔ Pavlov’s classical conditioning model
◆ He had a dog that was in a lab and presented with some meat powder
◆ Meat powder is a staple food for dogs and as soon as they detect meat powder
smell, they start to salivate as it is their natural response to food.
◆ If you played a sound of metronome in front of the dog, it would not react to that
(Neutral Stimulus) → normally does not do anything
◆ Before Pavlov presented the meat powder he played the metronome sound and
then he presented the meat powder and the dogs started to salivate.
, ◆ If you repeat this order of presentation over and over again, if you just play the
sound of the metronome, the dog would start to salivate without seeing or
smelling meat powder
➔ Classical conditioning steps
◆ A neutral stimulus (NS) IS ONE THAT DOES NOT ELICIT A PARTICULAR
RESPONSE BY ITself
● The metronome
◆ An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is one that naturally elicits an unconditioned
response (UCR)
● Naturally produces a response
◆ In classical conditioning, the NS pairs with UCS continuously,
● The metronome plays, then the meat powder is presented to the dog right
after
➔ Classical conditioning principles
◆ Eventually the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus (cs) and elicits a
conditioned response (UR)
● Unconditioned → it will happen anyway
● After training, the metronome makes the dog salivate
◆ In this situation the organism reacts the same way to the CS (formerly NS) AS IT
DID TO THE UCS
Answer: D
➔ Classical conditioning principles
◆ Occurs in 3 ways
● Acquisition: is the phase during which a CR is established. Backward
conditioning (UCS first → then CS, or meat
powder → metronome)
○ In the graph, as you do more trials,
the strength of CR (likelihood) of CR
Assignment
● Validity: valid measure = accurate measure. Bigger distance in fingers = more
intelligence → not valid
● Validity has to do with the measurement and having a result that makes sense
● Comment on the validity of the measurement not necessarily how good the result is.
Demo
➔ Played a loud sound on youtube
◆ Can opening sound
◆ Coke commercial is a
➔ Learning
◆ A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behaviour or knowledge due to
experience
● We can respond differently to the same stimulus over time
○ Habituation: decreased response to a repeated stimulus (over
time, typically recurring frequently.
◆ The background noise in a class
○ Sensitization: increased response to a repeated stimulus.
Typically something annoying and dangerous
◆ In the woods you hear a hissing sound, it's getting louder.
You will pay more attention to it
◆ Two main types of learning by association
● Between different stimuli → classical conditioning
● Between a behaviour and a consequence → operant conditioning
Part 1: Classical Conditioning
➔ Learning Via Association
◆ Large amounts of learning occur through association
● Pop opening and think of cleaning thirst or opening coke.
◆ Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning is a form of learning in which animals come to
respond to a stimulus which has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an
automatic response
➔ Pavlov’s classical conditioning model
◆ He had a dog that was in a lab and presented with some meat powder
◆ Meat powder is a staple food for dogs and as soon as they detect meat powder
smell, they start to salivate as it is their natural response to food.
◆ If you played a sound of metronome in front of the dog, it would not react to that
(Neutral Stimulus) → normally does not do anything
◆ Before Pavlov presented the meat powder he played the metronome sound and
then he presented the meat powder and the dogs started to salivate.
, ◆ If you repeat this order of presentation over and over again, if you just play the
sound of the metronome, the dog would start to salivate without seeing or
smelling meat powder
➔ Classical conditioning steps
◆ A neutral stimulus (NS) IS ONE THAT DOES NOT ELICIT A PARTICULAR
RESPONSE BY ITself
● The metronome
◆ An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is one that naturally elicits an unconditioned
response (UCR)
● Naturally produces a response
◆ In classical conditioning, the NS pairs with UCS continuously,
● The metronome plays, then the meat powder is presented to the dog right
after
➔ Classical conditioning principles
◆ Eventually the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus (cs) and elicits a
conditioned response (UR)
● Unconditioned → it will happen anyway
● After training, the metronome makes the dog salivate
◆ In this situation the organism reacts the same way to the CS (formerly NS) AS IT
DID TO THE UCS
Answer: D
➔ Classical conditioning principles
◆ Occurs in 3 ways
● Acquisition: is the phase during which a CR is established. Backward
conditioning (UCS first → then CS, or meat
powder → metronome)
○ In the graph, as you do more trials,
the strength of CR (likelihood) of CR
