Klinische psychologie
Examen: multiple choice vragen (50%) & open vragen (50%)
Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding klinische psychologie ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Definiëring .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Term klinische psychologie ......................................................................................................................................................1
Poging tot definiëring ..................................................................................................................................................................1
Definitie .............................................................................................................................................................................................2
Normaal vs abnormaal ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Onderscheid ....................................................................................................................................................................................2
Definitie .............................................................................................................................................................................................3
Modellen............................................................................................................................................................................................3
Populatie ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Epidemiologisch onderzoek .....................................................................................................................................................4
Prevalentie van psychische stoornissen .............................................................................................................................4
Taken ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Diagnostiek ......................................................................................................................................................................................6
Indicatiestelling, advies & rapportering .............................................................................................................................6
Psycho-educatie .............................................................................................................................................................................7
Preventie ...........................................................................................................................................................................................7
Begeleiding – counseling ...........................................................................................................................................................8
Revalidatie .......................................................................................................................................................................................8
Werksettings .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Geschiedenis & domein .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Voorgeschiedenis ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Grieken: Hippocrates ...................................................................................................................................................................9
Romeinen: mythologie ................................................................................................................................................................9
Middeleeuwen: exorcisme & heksenvervolging..............................................................................................................9
De 15e -16e – 17e eeuw: gekkenhuizen ................................................................................................................................9
De 18e eeuw: hervormingen.....................................................................................................................................................9
De 19e eeuw .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
De 20e eeuw .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Recente geschiedenis ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Begin 1900 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
De jaren ’50 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
De jaren ’60 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
De jaren ’70 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
De jaren ’80 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
De jaren ’90 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
De jaren ’2000 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Algemeenheden van de GGZ .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Voorzieningen ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Instroom......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Uitstroom ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Structuur van de GGZ ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
0e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
1e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
2e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
3e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
A
, Echelonmodel .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
4e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Inleiding psychopathologie .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Omschrijving en situering ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
Normaliteit vs pathologie ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Classificatie.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Betekenis van classificaties ................................................................................................................................................... 16
DSM & ICD ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Kenmerken DSM ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
DSM-5 categorieën psychische stoornissen ................................................................................................................... 17
Belangrijke veranderingen in DSM-5 ................................................................................................................................ 18
DSM-5 blijft bron van controverse ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Opbouw DSM-5 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Diagnostiek.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Klinisch interview ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Psychologische test ................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Neuropsychologisch onderzoek .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Gedragsbeoordeling .................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Fysiologische beoordeling en beeldvorming ................................................................................................................. 21
Classificatie van symptomen ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
Expressie en motoriek ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Bewustzijn ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Zelfbeleving .................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Waarneming ................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Denken en geheugen ................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Gevoelen en verlangen............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Biologische perspectief en psychofarmacologie .................................................................................................. 25
Het biologisch perspectief.............................................................................................................................................................. 25
Het neuron .................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Psychofarmacon ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Farmacokinetiek ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Farmacodynamiek ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Farmacologie................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Psychologisch perspectief ............................................................................................................................................ 31
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Psychoanalytische theorie en psychoanalyse/psychodynamische therapie .............................................................. 32
Theorie............................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Leertheorie en gedragstherapie.................................................................................................................................................. 40
Leertheorie ................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Gedragstherapie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Cognitieve theorie en therapie..................................................................................................................................................... 48
Theorie............................................................................................................................................................................................ 48
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Ervaringsgerichte theorie en therapie ..................................................................................................................................... 53
Theorie............................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 55
B
, Systeemtheorie en gezins- en relatietherapie........................................................................................................................ 58
Theorie............................................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Sociaal cultureel perspectief ....................................................................................................................................... 67
Biopsychosociale perspectief ...................................................................................................................................... 67
Klinische psychopathologie ......................................................................................................................................... 70
Stemmingsstoornissen .................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Definities ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
Depressieve stemmingsstoornis ......................................................................................................................................... 70
Bipolaire stemmingsstoornis................................................................................................................................................ 75
Suïcidaliteit ................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Angststoornissen ............................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Definitie .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Functie ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 77
Angsten in de ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................................... 78
Paniekstoornissen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Fobieën ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis .......................................................................................................................................... 82
Obsessief compulsieve stoornis........................................................................................................................................... 83
Rouw ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Theorie en diagnostiek ............................................................................................................................................................ 85
Rouwbegeleiding en –therapie ............................................................................................................................................ 90
Psychotrauma .................................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Geschiedenis................................................................................................................................................................................. 94
Traumatische stressstoornis ................................................................................................................................................ 94
Symptomen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Risicofactoren .............................................................................................................................................................................. 95
PTSS (posttraumatische stressstoornis) ......................................................................................................................... 96
Gedragsproblemen & verslaving ................................................................................................................................................. 98
Gedragsproblemen en -stoornissen................................................................................................................................... 98
Gedragsverslaving .................................................................................................................................................................. 103
Somatoforme stoornissen ............................................................................................................................................................108
Somatoforme stoornis .......................................................................................................................................................... 108
Conversiestoornis (functioneel-neurologisch-symptoomstoornis) ................................................................. 108
Somatisch symptoomstoornis ........................................................................................................................................... 109
Transdiagnostisch perspectief .................................................................................................................................113
Inleiding ..............................................................................................................................................................................................113
DSM-georiënteerd perspectief .......................................................................................................................................... 113
Transdiagnostisch perspectief .......................................................................................................................................... 113
Twee algemene transdiagnostische modellen ........................................................................................................... 114
TD-factoren nader bekeken................................................................................................................................................ 116
Executieve functies .........................................................................................................................................................................118
Definitie ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
Verschillende executieve functies ................................................................................................................................... 119
Relatie met psychopathologie ........................................................................................................................................... 121
Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 123
Etiologie executieve dysfuncties ...................................................................................................................................... 124
Behandelstrategieën .............................................................................................................................................................. 125
Repetitief negatief denken ...........................................................................................................................................................126
Definiëring ................................................................................................................................................................................. 126
Repetitief Negatief Denken als TD proces .................................................................................................................... 127
C
, De rol van negatieve controle/ cognitieve controle over negatieve gedachten .......................................... 128
Rumineren en gecompliceerde rouw ............................................................................................................................. 129
Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 130
Behandelstrategieën .............................................................................................................................................................. 130
Emotieregulatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................132
Emoties ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 132
Emotieregulatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 133
Emotieregulatie als TD factor ............................................................................................................................................ 134
Kernfactoren voor een goede emotieregulatie .......................................................................................................... 136
Diagnostiek ................................................................................................................................................................................ 137
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................................... 138
D
Examen: multiple choice vragen (50%) & open vragen (50%)
Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding klinische psychologie ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Definiëring .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Term klinische psychologie ......................................................................................................................................................1
Poging tot definiëring ..................................................................................................................................................................1
Definitie .............................................................................................................................................................................................2
Normaal vs abnormaal ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Onderscheid ....................................................................................................................................................................................2
Definitie .............................................................................................................................................................................................3
Modellen............................................................................................................................................................................................3
Populatie ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Epidemiologisch onderzoek .....................................................................................................................................................4
Prevalentie van psychische stoornissen .............................................................................................................................4
Taken ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Diagnostiek ......................................................................................................................................................................................6
Indicatiestelling, advies & rapportering .............................................................................................................................6
Psycho-educatie .............................................................................................................................................................................7
Preventie ...........................................................................................................................................................................................7
Begeleiding – counseling ...........................................................................................................................................................8
Revalidatie .......................................................................................................................................................................................8
Werksettings .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Geschiedenis & domein .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Voorgeschiedenis ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Grieken: Hippocrates ...................................................................................................................................................................9
Romeinen: mythologie ................................................................................................................................................................9
Middeleeuwen: exorcisme & heksenvervolging..............................................................................................................9
De 15e -16e – 17e eeuw: gekkenhuizen ................................................................................................................................9
De 18e eeuw: hervormingen.....................................................................................................................................................9
De 19e eeuw .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
De 20e eeuw .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Recente geschiedenis ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Begin 1900 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
De jaren ’50 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
De jaren ’60 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
De jaren ’70 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
De jaren ’80 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
De jaren ’90 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
De jaren ’2000 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Algemeenheden van de GGZ .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Voorzieningen ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Instroom......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Uitstroom ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Structuur van de GGZ ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
0e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
1e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
2e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
3e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
A
, Echelonmodel .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
4e lijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Inleiding psychopathologie .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Omschrijving en situering ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
Normaliteit vs pathologie ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Classificatie.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Betekenis van classificaties ................................................................................................................................................... 16
DSM & ICD ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Kenmerken DSM ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
DSM-5 categorieën psychische stoornissen ................................................................................................................... 17
Belangrijke veranderingen in DSM-5 ................................................................................................................................ 18
DSM-5 blijft bron van controverse ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Opbouw DSM-5 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Diagnostiek.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Klinisch interview ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Psychologische test ................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Neuropsychologisch onderzoek .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Gedragsbeoordeling .................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Fysiologische beoordeling en beeldvorming ................................................................................................................. 21
Classificatie van symptomen ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
Expressie en motoriek ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Bewustzijn ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Zelfbeleving .................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Waarneming ................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Denken en geheugen ................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Gevoelen en verlangen............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Biologische perspectief en psychofarmacologie .................................................................................................. 25
Het biologisch perspectief.............................................................................................................................................................. 25
Het neuron .................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Psychofarmacon ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Farmacokinetiek ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Farmacodynamiek ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Farmacologie................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Psychologisch perspectief ............................................................................................................................................ 31
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Psychoanalytische theorie en psychoanalyse/psychodynamische therapie .............................................................. 32
Theorie............................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Leertheorie en gedragstherapie.................................................................................................................................................. 40
Leertheorie ................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Gedragstherapie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Cognitieve theorie en therapie..................................................................................................................................................... 48
Theorie............................................................................................................................................................................................ 48
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Ervaringsgerichte theorie en therapie ..................................................................................................................................... 53
Theorie............................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 55
B
, Systeemtheorie en gezins- en relatietherapie........................................................................................................................ 58
Theorie............................................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Sociaal cultureel perspectief ....................................................................................................................................... 67
Biopsychosociale perspectief ...................................................................................................................................... 67
Klinische psychopathologie ......................................................................................................................................... 70
Stemmingsstoornissen .................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Definities ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
Depressieve stemmingsstoornis ......................................................................................................................................... 70
Bipolaire stemmingsstoornis................................................................................................................................................ 75
Suïcidaliteit ................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Angststoornissen ............................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Definitie .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Functie ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 77
Angsten in de ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................................... 78
Paniekstoornissen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Fobieën ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis .......................................................................................................................................... 82
Obsessief compulsieve stoornis........................................................................................................................................... 83
Rouw ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Theorie en diagnostiek ............................................................................................................................................................ 85
Rouwbegeleiding en –therapie ............................................................................................................................................ 90
Psychotrauma .................................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Geschiedenis................................................................................................................................................................................. 94
Traumatische stressstoornis ................................................................................................................................................ 94
Symptomen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Risicofactoren .............................................................................................................................................................................. 95
PTSS (posttraumatische stressstoornis) ......................................................................................................................... 96
Gedragsproblemen & verslaving ................................................................................................................................................. 98
Gedragsproblemen en -stoornissen................................................................................................................................... 98
Gedragsverslaving .................................................................................................................................................................. 103
Somatoforme stoornissen ............................................................................................................................................................108
Somatoforme stoornis .......................................................................................................................................................... 108
Conversiestoornis (functioneel-neurologisch-symptoomstoornis) ................................................................. 108
Somatisch symptoomstoornis ........................................................................................................................................... 109
Transdiagnostisch perspectief .................................................................................................................................113
Inleiding ..............................................................................................................................................................................................113
DSM-georiënteerd perspectief .......................................................................................................................................... 113
Transdiagnostisch perspectief .......................................................................................................................................... 113
Twee algemene transdiagnostische modellen ........................................................................................................... 114
TD-factoren nader bekeken................................................................................................................................................ 116
Executieve functies .........................................................................................................................................................................118
Definitie ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
Verschillende executieve functies ................................................................................................................................... 119
Relatie met psychopathologie ........................................................................................................................................... 121
Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 123
Etiologie executieve dysfuncties ...................................................................................................................................... 124
Behandelstrategieën .............................................................................................................................................................. 125
Repetitief negatief denken ...........................................................................................................................................................126
Definiëring ................................................................................................................................................................................. 126
Repetitief Negatief Denken als TD proces .................................................................................................................... 127
C
, De rol van negatieve controle/ cognitieve controle over negatieve gedachten .......................................... 128
Rumineren en gecompliceerde rouw ............................................................................................................................. 129
Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 130
Behandelstrategieën .............................................................................................................................................................. 130
Emotieregulatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................132
Emoties ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 132
Emotieregulatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 133
Emotieregulatie als TD factor ............................................................................................................................................ 134
Kernfactoren voor een goede emotieregulatie .......................................................................................................... 136
Diagnostiek ................................................................................................................................................................................ 137
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................................................... 138
D
