PSY-357 GCU EXAM 3 FINAL SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE SOLUTION SET
◉ How can we scientifically investigate the mind if it is an
impenetrable "black box"? Answer: indirect measures of the mind
◉ What is an input vs. an output? Answer:
◉ What is the difference between observing inputs vs. manipulating
inputs? Answer: simply allowing to happen vs attempting to control
the results to a certain extent
◉ Clarify the meaning of "indirect measures of the mind". Answer:
◉ What does reaction time measure? Answer: measure of elapsed
time between some stimulus and some response
◉ What is the relationship between reaction time and accuracy?
Answer: mistakes are related to reaction time
***inverse relationship- increase accuracy, slow reaction time
◉ What are random errors? Examples Answer: errors that add noise
,◉ What are systematic errors? Examples Answer: systematic/lawful,
respect some other influence
example- current events, time of day, social desirability, etc.
-mispelling in children- systematic bc consistently spell how sound
◉ Which error may make it harder to detect a finding? Answer:
random error bc simply add noise, no method to madness
◉ Which error possibly compromises the integrity/interpretations
of the findings? Answer: systematic errors
◉ Is introspection a scientific tool? Explain Answer: no- might guide
hypothesis but is not science- still need data/proof
◉ Identify the characteristics of science Answer: 1. Empirically-
derived evidence
2. Objective evidence that explain and predict natural phenomena
3. Replicable
4. Public- shared
5. Peer-reviewed
6. Contrary evidence
7. Falsifiable
, 8. Precise
◉ What is empirically-derived evidence? Answer: Based on careful,
standardized, systematic observation and experimentation
◉ Objective evidence Answer: explain/predict natural phenomena
◉ Replicable evidence Answer: Durable and robust evidence
(repeatedly tested). Described with such precision that any scientist
could repeat experiment
◉ Publically shared evidence Answer: Shared (nonproprietary). Free
with open-access
◉ Peer-reviewed evidence Answer: reviewed and accepted by fellow
scholars
◉ Full disclosure of all data, including contrary evidence Answer:
show all evidence, not just one that supports results
◉ Falsifiable research questions Answer: questions capable of being
proven wrong
◉ Precise evidence Answer: predictions that are not vague
COMPLETE SOLUTION SET
◉ How can we scientifically investigate the mind if it is an
impenetrable "black box"? Answer: indirect measures of the mind
◉ What is an input vs. an output? Answer:
◉ What is the difference between observing inputs vs. manipulating
inputs? Answer: simply allowing to happen vs attempting to control
the results to a certain extent
◉ Clarify the meaning of "indirect measures of the mind". Answer:
◉ What does reaction time measure? Answer: measure of elapsed
time between some stimulus and some response
◉ What is the relationship between reaction time and accuracy?
Answer: mistakes are related to reaction time
***inverse relationship- increase accuracy, slow reaction time
◉ What are random errors? Examples Answer: errors that add noise
,◉ What are systematic errors? Examples Answer: systematic/lawful,
respect some other influence
example- current events, time of day, social desirability, etc.
-mispelling in children- systematic bc consistently spell how sound
◉ Which error may make it harder to detect a finding? Answer:
random error bc simply add noise, no method to madness
◉ Which error possibly compromises the integrity/interpretations
of the findings? Answer: systematic errors
◉ Is introspection a scientific tool? Explain Answer: no- might guide
hypothesis but is not science- still need data/proof
◉ Identify the characteristics of science Answer: 1. Empirically-
derived evidence
2. Objective evidence that explain and predict natural phenomena
3. Replicable
4. Public- shared
5. Peer-reviewed
6. Contrary evidence
7. Falsifiable
, 8. Precise
◉ What is empirically-derived evidence? Answer: Based on careful,
standardized, systematic observation and experimentation
◉ Objective evidence Answer: explain/predict natural phenomena
◉ Replicable evidence Answer: Durable and robust evidence
(repeatedly tested). Described with such precision that any scientist
could repeat experiment
◉ Publically shared evidence Answer: Shared (nonproprietary). Free
with open-access
◉ Peer-reviewed evidence Answer: reviewed and accepted by fellow
scholars
◉ Full disclosure of all data, including contrary evidence Answer:
show all evidence, not just one that supports results
◉ Falsifiable research questions Answer: questions capable of being
proven wrong
◉ Precise evidence Answer: predictions that are not vague
