Nursing 6435 Questions/Answers ( Burns; Pediatric Primary Care, 6th Edition) TestBank

Burns: Pediatric Primary Care, 6th Edition Chapter 25: Atopic, Rheumatic, and Immunodeficiency Disorders Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. 1. The parent of a school-age child reports that the child usually has allergic rhinitis symptoms beginning each fall and that non-sedating antihistamines are only marginally effective, especially for nasal obstruction symptoms. What will the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner do? a. a. Order an intranasal corticosteroid to begin 1 to 2 weeks prior to pollen season. b. b. Prescribe a decongestant medication as adjunct therapy during pollen season. c. c. Recommend adding diphenhydramine to the child’s regimen for additional relief. d. d. Suggest using an over-the-counter intranasal decongestant. ANS: A Intranasal corticosteroids are a key component in long-term therapy to manage symptoms associated with AR. These should be begun 1 to 2 weeks prior to the beginning of pollen season. Decongestants are not recommended for long-term use because of side effects. Diphenhydramine causes daytime drowsiness. 1. 2. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner sees a child for follow-up care after hospitalization for ARF. The child has polyarthritis but no cardiac involvement. What will the nurse practitioner teach the family about ongoing care for this child? a. a. Aspirin is given for 2 weeks and then tapered to discontinue the medication. b. b. Prophylactic amoxicillin will need to be given for 5 years. c. c. Steroids will be necessary to prevent development of heart disease. d. d. The child will need complete bedrest until all symptoms subside. ANS: A ASA is given for arthritis for 2 weeks and then will be tapered. Children with ARF will need penicillin prophylaxis, not amoxicillin. Steroids are sometimes used for symptomatic relief but do not prevent chronic heart disease. Bed rest is indicated only when cardiac symptoms occur. 1. 3. A school-age child with asthma is seen for a well child checkup and, in spite of “feeling fine,” has pronounced expiratory wheezes, decreased breath sounds, and an FEV1 less than 70% of personal best. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner learns that the child’s parent administers the daily medium-dose ICS but that the child is responsible for using the SABA. A treatment of 4 puffs of a SABA in clinic results in marked improvement in the child’s status. What will the nurse practitioner do? a. a. Have the parent administer all of the child’s medications. b. b. Increase the ICS medication to a high-dose preparation. c. c. Reinforce teaching about the importance of using the SABA. d. d. Teach the child and parent how to use home PEF monitoring. ANS: D Home PEF monitoring is useful for children to identify when symptoms are worsening. This child does not appear to notice the presence of airway tightness or wheezing and so might benefit from PEF monitoring to know when to use the SABA. School-age children should be learning how to manage their chronic disease, so having the parent administer all medications is not the best choice, especially since use of the SABA is still dependent on the child’s report of symptoms. Since the child responded well to administration of the SABA, increasing the dose of ICS should not be done unless better management is not effective. Reinforcing the teaching is part of the plan but, unless the child is aware of symptoms, may not occur. 1. 4. A child has a fever and arthralgia. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner learns that the child had a sore throat 3 weeks prior and auscultates a murmur in the clinic. Which test will the nurse practitioner order? a. a. Anti-DNase B test b. b. ASO titer c. c. Rapid strep test d. d. Throat culture ANS: B This child has symptoms and a history consistent with ARF. The ASO titer peaks in 3 to 6 weeks and will confirm a recent strep infection. The anti- DNase B test will also confirm a recent strep infection, but this doesn’t peak until 6 to 8 weeks after the initial infection. A rapid strep test and throat culture do not differentiate the carrier state from a true infection. 1. 5. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is prescribing ibuprofen for a 25 kg child with JIA who has oligoarthitis. If the child will take 4 doses per day, what is the maximum amount the child will receive per dose? a. a. 200 mg b. b. 250 mg c. c. 400 mg d. d. 450 mg ANS: B The maximum dose is 40 mg/kg/day divided into 3 to 4 doses. 25 kg × 40 mg = 1000/4 = 250 mg. 1. 6. A school-age child who uses a SABA and an inhaled corticosteroid medication is seen in the clinic for an acute asthma exacerbation. After 4 puffs of an inhaled short-acting B2-agonist (SABA) every 20 minutes for three treatments, spirometry testing shows an FEV1 of 60% of the child’s personal best. What will the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner do next? a. a. Administer an oral corticosteroid and repeat the three treatments of the inhaled SABA. b. b. Admit the child to the hospital for every 2 hour inhaled SABA and intravenous steroids. c. c. Give the child 2 mg/kg of an oral corticosteroid and have the child taken to the emergency department. d. d. Order an oral corticosteroid, continue the SABA every 3 to 4 hours, and follow closely. ANS: D Children with an incomplete response (FEV1 between 40% and 69% of personal best) should be given oral steroids and instructed to continue the SABA every 3 to 4 hours with close follow-up. Hospitalization is not necessary unless severe distress occurs. An FEV1 less than 40% after treatment indicates a need to be seen in the ED. 1. 7. An adolescent who has asthma and severe perennial allergies has poor asthma control in spite of appropriate use of a SABA and a daily high-dose inhaled corticosteroid. What will the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner do next to manage this child’s asthma? a. a. Consider daily oral corticosteroid administration. b. b. Order an anticholinergic medication in conjunction with the current regimen. c. c. Prescribe a LABA/inhaled corticosteroid combination medication. d. d. Refer to a pulmonologist for omalizumab therapy. ANS: D Children older than 12 years who have moderate to severe allergy-related asthma and who react to perennial allergens may benefit from omalizumab as a second-line treatment when symptoms are not controlled by ICSs. The PNP should refer children to a pulmonologist for such treatment. Daily oral corticosteroid medications are not recommended because of the adverse effects caused by prolonged use of this route. Anticholinergic medications are generally used for acute exacerbations during in-patient stays or in the ED. A LABA/ICS combination will not produce different results. 1. 8. A 4-month-old infant has a history of reddened, dry, itchy skin. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner notes fine papules on the extensor aspect of the infant’s arms, anterior thighs, and lateral aspects of the cheeks. What is the initial treatment? a. a. Moisturizers b. b. Oral antihistamines c. c. Topical corticosteroids d. d. Wet wrap therapy ANS: A Moisturization is the first-line therapy to interrupt the itch-scratch-itch cycle. Oral antihistamines are used mostly to allow sleep during nighttime pruritus. Topical corticosteroids are used if moisturization is not effective. Wet wrap therapy is used to treat flares with recalcitrant disease. 1. 9. An 8-year-old child is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and the child’s parent asks if there is a cure. What will the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner tell the parent? a. a. Complete remission occurs in some children at the age of puberty. b. b. Periods of remission may occur but there is no permanent cure. c. c. SLE can be cured with effective medication and treatment. d. d. The disease is always progressive with no cure and no remissions. ANS: B Periods of remission do occur in some children with SLE for unknown reasons, but there is no permanent remission or cure. For some children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), complete remission occurs at puberty. 1. 10. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is examining a school-age child who has had several hospitalizations for bronchitis and wheezing. The parent reports that the child has several coughing episodes associated with chest tightness each week and gets relief with an albuterol metered-dose inhaler. What will the nurse practitioner order? a. a. Allergy testing b. b. Chest radiography c. c. Spirometry testing d. d. Sweat chloride test ANS: C Spirometry testing is the gold standard for diagnosing asthma and is then used on a regular basis to monitor, evaluate, and manage asthma. Allergy testing should be considered but is not diagnostic of asthma. Chest radiography should not be routine. A sweat chloride test is used based on history. 1. 11. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner examines a child who has had stiffness and warmth in the right knee and left ankle for 7 or 8 months but no back pain. The nurse practitioner will refer the child to a rheumatology specialist to evaluate for a. a. enthesitis-related JIA. b. b. oligoarticular JIA. c. c. polyarticular JIA. d. d. systemic JIA. ANS: B Oligoarticular JIA is characterized by mild, painless asymmetric joint involvement without systemic symptoms. Enthesitis-related JIA involves arthritis of the lower limbs, especially the hips, intertarsal joints, and sacroiliac joints, with swelling, tenderness, and warmth. Polyarticular JIA involves 5 or more joints. Systemic JIA presents with systemic symptoms, such as fever. 1. 12. A child who has been diagnosed with asthma for several years has been using a short-acting B2-agonist (SABA) to control symptoms. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner learns that the child has recently begun using the SABA two or three times each week to treat wheezing and shortness of breath. The child currently has clear breath sounds and an FEV1 of 75% of personal best. What will the nurse practitioner do next? a. a. Add a daily inhaled corticosteroid. b. b. Administer 3 SABA treatments. c. c. Continue the current treatment. d. d. Order an oral corticosteroid. ANS: A The child is showing a need to step up treatment based on the frequency of symptoms, greater than twice each week. The PNP should order an inhaled corticosteroid maintenance medication to control symptoms and reduce the need for a SABA. The child is not having an acute exacerbation, so does not need 3 SABA treatments. Oral corticosteroids are given for moderate obstruction, <70%. 1. 13. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is evaluating an 11- month-old infant who has had three viral respiratory illnesses causing bronchiolitis. The child’s parents both have seasonal allergies and ask whether the infant may have asthma. What will the nurse practitioner tell the parents? a. a. “Although it is likely, based on family history, it is too soon to tell.” b. b. “There is little reason to suspect that your infant has asthma.” c. c. “With your infant’s history of bronchiolitis, asthma is very likely.” d. d. “Your infant has definitive symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of asthma.” ANS: A A genetic predisposition for the development of an IgE-mediated response to aeroallergens is the strongest identifiable predisposing risk factor for asthma, but asthma is rarely diagnosed before age 12 months due to the high rate of viral-induced bronchiolitis. The PNP should be cautious about diagnosing asthma until wheezing without an association to viral illnesses occurs. This infant has clear risk factors for asthma; however, bronchiolitis is not a known risk factor. 1. 14. An 8-year-old boy has a recent history of an upper respiratory infection and comes to the clinic with a maculopapular rash on his lower extremities and swelling and tenderness in both ankles. The pediatric nurse practitioner performs a UA, which shows proteinuria and hematuria and diagnoses HSP. What ongoing evaluation will the nurse practitioner perform during the course of this disease? a. a. ANA titers b. b. Blood pressure measurement c. c. Chest radiographs d. d. Liver function studies ANS: B Hypertension is a serious risk of HSP, so repeated BP measurement is indicated. ANA titers are not measured with HSP. Chest radiographs are performed only if indicated. LFTs are not indicated; the predominant risk is to the kidneys. 1. 15. A 12-year-old child is brought to the clinic with joint pain, a 3- week history of low-grade fever, and a facial rash. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner palpates an enlarged liver 2 cm below the subcostal margin along with diffuse lymphadenopathy. An ANA test is positive. Which test may be ordered to confirm a diagnosis of SLE? a. a. Anti-double-strand DNA antibodies b. b. Anti-La antibodies c. c. Anti-Ro antibodies d. d. Anti-Sm antibodies ANS: A Anti-double-strand DNA antibodies are present in most people with SLE and are generally exclusively seen in cases of SLE and not other diseases. Anti- SM antibodies are diagnostic of SLE but are only seen in 30% of patients with SLE. 1. 16. A 10-year-old child has a 1-week history of fever of 104°C that is unresponsive to antipyretics. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner examines the child and notes bilateral conjunctival injection and a polymorphous exanthema, with no other symptoms. Lab tests show elevated ESR, CRP, and platelets. Cultures are all negative. What will the nurse practitioner do? a. a. Begin treatment with intravenous methyl prednisone. b. b. Consider IVIG therapy if symptoms persist one more week. c. c. Order a baseline echocardiogram today and another in 2 weeks. d. d. Reassure the child’s parents that this is a self-limiting disorder. ANS: C An echocardiogram should be obtained as soon as the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease (KD) is established, as a baseline study, with subsequent studies in 2 weeks and in 6 to 8 weeks. This child has fever and only two other symptoms, which may be consistent with atypical KD. Atypical KD is more common in very young children and in children over 9 years of age, and coronary artery involvement is found more frequently in children with atypical KD. Methyl prednisone is given for children with IVIG-resistant disease. IVIG should be begun ideally in the first 10 days of the illness. Although KD is a self-limiting disorder, the risk of coronary artery involvement is high, so this must be evaluated and treated. 1. 17. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is reviewing the rheumatology plan of care for a child who is diagnosed with SLE. Besides reinforcing information about prescribed medications, what will the nurse practitioner teach the family to help minimize flaring of episodes? a. a. Have the child rest between activities. b. b. Obtain regular ophthalmology exams. c. c. Participate in low-impact exercises. d. d. Use UVA and UVB sunscreen daily. ANS: D Sunlight is a known trigger of SLE so patients should be advised to use a UVA and UVB sunscreen both indoors and out. Resting between activities is recommended for children with JIA. Children should participate in low-impact activities, but this does not reduce the number of flares. Ophthalmology exams are recommended for children with JIA. 1. 18. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is performing a well-baby checkup on a 6-month-old infant and notes a candida diaper rash and oral thrush. The infant has had two ear infections in the past 2 months and is in the 3rd percentile for weight. What will the nurse practitioner do? a. a. Order a CBC with differential and platelets and quantitative immunoglobulins. b. b. Order candida and pneumococcal skin tests and lymphocyte surface markers. c. c. Refer the infant to an immunologist for evaluation of immunodeficiency. d. d. Refer the infant to an otolaryngologist to evaluate recurrent otitis media. ANS: A Infants with warning signs of immunodeficiency, such as recurrent infections, skin infections, and oral thrush, should be evaluated. The initial step is to order a CBC with differential, platelets, and immunoglobulins. If this is not helpful, referral to an immunologist for further testing, such as candida and pneumococcal skin tests and lymphocyte surface markers, is warranted. Referral to an otolaryngologist is not indicated. 1. 19. An adolescent who has exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is on the high school track team and has recently begun to practice daily during the school week. The adolescent uses 2 puffs of albuterol via a metered- dose inhaler 20 minutes before exercise but reports decreased effectiveness since beginning daily practice. What will the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner do? a. a. Counsel the adolescent to decrease the number of practices each week. b. b. Increase the albuterol to 4 puffs 20 minutes prior to exercise. c. c. Order a daily inhaled corticosteroid medication. d. d. Prescribe cromolyn sodium in addition to the albuterol. ANS: C Children with EIA should use 2 puffs of a B2-agonist and/or cromolyn MDI 15 to 30 minutes prior to exercise, but, since tolerance may develop if a B2- agonist is used more than a few times a week, it should not be used as a controller monotherapy. Those who exercise regularly should use an ICS as a controller medication. Patients with asthma should be encouraged to exercise to improve overall health. Increasing the albuterol dose will not overcome the tolerance. And ICS is a preferred controller medication. 1. 20. An adolescent female reports poor sleep, fatigue, muscle and joint paint, and anxiety lasting for several months. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner notes point tenderness at several sites. What will the nurse practitioner do next? a. a. Evaluate the adolescent’s pain using a numeric pain scale. b. b. Obtain ANA, CBC, liver function, and muscle enzymes tests. c. c. Reassure the adolescent that this condition is not life- threatening. d. d. Refer the adolescent to a rheumatologist for further evaluation. ANS: D Children with widespread musculoskeletal pain and painful point tenderness may have fibromyalgia and should be referred. The Widespread Pain Index is used to define the degree of pain. Laboratory studies are of little benefit when diagnosing fibromyalgia. Even though children need reassurance that this disease is not life-threatening, this is not the next action. 1. 21. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is managing care for a child who has JIA who has a positive ANA. Which specialty referral is critical for this child? a. a. Cardiology b. b. Ophthalmology c. c. Orthopedics d. d. Pain management ANS: B An ophthalmology consultation is critical for children with JIA who have a positive ANA. Uveitis occurs in up to 35% of children with JIA who have a positive ANA. Other specialists may be consulted for specific symptoms. 1. 22. The parent of a school-age child who is diagnosed with oligoarticular JIA asks the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner what exercises the child may do to help reduce symptoms. What will the nurse practitioner recommend? a. a. Running b. b. Swimming c. c. Weights d. d. Yoga ANS: B Swimming is an excellent exercise for children with JIA because water therapy and the use of heat or cold reduce pain and stiffness, unless they have severe anemia or cardiac involvement. Chapter 28: Neurologic Disorders Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The parents of an 18-month-old child bring the child to the clinic after observing a brief seizure of less than 2 minutes in their child. In the clinic, the child has a temperature of 103.1°F, and the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner notes a left otitis media. The child is alert and responding normally. What will the nurse practitioner do? a. Order a lumbar puncture, complete blood count, and urinalysis. b. Prescribe an antibiotic for the ear infection and reassure the parents. c. Refer to a pediatric neurologist for anticonvulsant and antipyretic prophylaxis. d. Send the child to the emergency department for EEG and possible MRI. ANS: B This child has symptoms of a simple febrile seizure with a focal site of infection and an otherwise normal exam. While this is very frightening to the family, the PNP should treat the infection and provide reassurance to the parents. Lumbar puncture may be performed in infants younger than 12 months. Prophylactic medications aren’t indicated for febrile seizures. Antipyretics aren’t useful, since most seizures occur when the temperature is either rising or falling. EEG and MRI are not indicated when focal neurological signs are not present. 2. A child who has sustained a head injury after falling on the playground is brought to the clinic. The parents report that the child cried immediately and was able to walk around after falling. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner notes slight slurring of the child’s speech and the child has vomited twice in the exam room. Which course of action is warranted? a. Admit the child to the hospital for a neurology consult. b. Observe the child in the clinic for several hours. c. Order a head CT and observe the child at home. d. Send the child home with instructions for follow-up. ANS: A Children with certain symptoms, such as vomiting or slurred speech after a head injury, should be admitted to the hospital for neurologic consultation. If the child had not exhibited these symptoms, any of the other options would be acceptable. 3. A female infant who was developing normally stops meeting developmental milestones at age 12 months and then begins losing previously acquired skills. What will the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner expect to tell the parents about this child’s prognosis? a. Cognitive development will be normal but motor skills will be lost. b. Physical and speech therapy will help the infant regain lost skills. c. The child’s intellectual development will not progress further. d. This is a temporary condition with full recovery expected. ANS: C This child has symptoms of Rett syndrome, which affects females more than males and is characterized by a plateau of development with eventual loss of milestones. Intellectual development remains at the level of plateau. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy help to preserve functional abilities but do not improve skills. The condition is progressive, with variable life expectancy. 4. To evaluate brain tissue disorders in infants, which test is useful? a. Computerized tomography b. Head radiographs c. Magnetic resonance imaging d. Ultrasonography ANS: D Ultrasonography is used to evaluate brain tissue in infants. CT scans expose patients to high levels of radiation, so they are not used unless indicated. Radiographs have relatively diagnostic value for the neurologic system. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful but is expensive and usually requires sedation. 5. A child who has had a single non-febrile seizure has a normal neurologic exam. Which diagnostic test is indicated? a. Computerized tomography (CT) b. Electroencephalogram (EEG) c. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. Polysomnography ANS: B An EEG is standard for all children after a first non-febrile seizure. CT is not routinely used because of radiation exposure. MRI is used if cognitive changes or postictal focal dysfunction persists, if the seizure lasts longer than 15 minutes, if the child is younger than 6 months of age, and if any new onset of focal neurologic deficit has occurred. Polysomnography is used to assess nocturnal seizures. 6. During a well baby exam on a 9-month-old infant, the parent reports that the baby always uses the left hand to pick up objects and asks if the baby will be left-handed. What will the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner do? a. Explain that it is too soon to tell which hand the infant will prefer later. b. Perform a careful assessment of fine and gross motor skills. c. Teach the parent to encourage the infant to use both hands. d. Tell the parent that a hand preference usually develops between 6 and 12 months. ANS: B Hand preference before 1 year of age is usually suspect for cerebral palsy and may indicate a lack of motor skills in the other hand. The PNP should perform a careful assessment of fine and gross motor skills. Infants should not exhibit a hand preference until after 1 year of age, so the correct response is to assess further. 7. Because of their inability to ambulate, children with cerebral palsy should be evaluated for which nutrients? a. Calcium and vitamin D b. Fat-soluble vitamins c. Iron and zinc d. Sodium and potassium ANS: A Children who do not place weight on their bones are at risk for osteopenia and should have vitamin D and calcium levels monitored and supplemented if indicated. 8. A 14-year-old child has a headache, unilateral weakness, and blurred vision preceded by fever and nausea. The child’s parent reports a similar episode several months prior. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner will consult with a pediatric neurologist to order a. a lumbar puncture. b. an electroencephalogram (EEG). c. neuroimaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d. positron emission tomography (PET) scan. ANS: C Children who have MS exhibit the symptoms described above and are usually diagnosed with a gadolinium enhanced MRI. Lumbar puncture may be performed later to identify oligoclonal bands. An EEG is used to diagnose seizure activity. PET scans are used to detect tumors. 9. The pediatric nurse practitioner provides primary care for a 5-year-old child who has cerebral palsy who exhibits athetosis and poor weight gain in spite of receiving high-calorie formula to supplement intake. The child has had several episodes of pneumonia in the past year. Which specialty consultation is a priority for this child? a. Feeding clinic to manage caloric intake b. Neurology to assess medication needs c. Pulmonology for possible tracheotomy d. Surgery for possible fundoplication and gastrostomy ANS: D Children with CP who have athetosis often have increased calorie needs up to 50% to 100% higher than others. This child is unable to gain adequate weight in spite of receiving extra calories. The child also has possible aspiration pneumonia, probably due to difficulty swallowing or GERD. A fundoplication and gastrostomy can help to prevent GERD and to provide nutrition that doesn’t involve swallowing. The feeding clinic would increase calories and nutrients but, without a gastrostomy, cannot increase actual intake. The child is not having seizures or drooling that contribute to this problem, so medications aren’t necessary. Unless there is an airway problem, tracheotomy is not indicated. 10. When performing a neurologic exam to assess for meningeal signs in an infant, the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner will attempt to elicit the Kernig sign by a. bending the infant at the waist to touch fingers to toes. b. extending the leg at the knee with the infant supine. c. flexing the infant’s neck to touch chin to chest. d. turning the infant’s head from side to side. ANS: B In an infant, the Kernig sign is elicited by extending the leg at the knee with the infant in a supine position while observing for facial grimacing. Older children can bend at the waist to touch the toes to elicit the Kernig sign. The Brudzinski sign is elicited by passively flexing the neck to cause the patient to spontaneously flex the hip and knees. Turning the infant’s head from side to side is not done to elicit either sign. 11. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner performs a well baby exam on a term 4-month-old infant and observes flattening of the left occiput, bossing of the right occiput, and anterior displacement of the left ear. The parents report performing various positioning maneuvers, but say that the baby’s head shape has worsened. What will the nurse practitioner recommend to correct this finding? a. Allow the infant to sleep on the tummy when the parents are in the room. b. Lay the infant in the “back to sleep” position, alternating the left and right occiput. c. Order a head CT to evaluate the infant for craniosynostosis. d. Refer the infant for orthotic cranial molding helmet therapy. ANS: D This infant was term and likely has positional plagiocephaly, which has not responded to repositioning efforts, so a referral should be made for an orthotic helmet. Tummy time is performed when the infant is awake and the parents are present. The “back to sleep” position with alternation of left and right is a repositioning maneuver. Craniosynostosis is characterized by bossing and deformity that follow cranial suture lines. 12. A 4-year-old child who has previously met developmental milestones is not toiled trained. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner notes decreased reflexes in the lower extremities and observe a dimple above the gluteal cleft. Which diagnosis may be considered for this child? a. Arnold-Chiari malformation b. Reye syndrome c. Spina bifida cystica d. Tethered cord ANS: D Tethered cord occurs when the caudal end of the spinal cord, causing abnormal stretching and damage to nerve cells, fibers, and blood vessels. This can cause symptoms of neurologic deterioration such as incontinence of bladder and bowel and loss of reflexes and sensation in the legs. Arnold- Chiari malformation involves a downward herniation of the caudal end of the cerebellar vermis, which can cause brainstem and upper cervical cord compression. Reye syndrome involves swelling in the brain and signs of increased intracranial pressure. Spina bifida cystica is a myelomeningocele, with symptoms present at birth. A child with a recent history of URI reports tingling and pain in one ear followed by sagging of one side of the face. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner observes that the child cannot close the eye or mo Burns: Pediatric Primary Care, 6th Edition Chapter 29: Eye Disorders Test Bank Multiple Choice 13. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is treating an infant with lacrimal duct obstruction who has developed bacterial conjunctivitis. After 2 weeks of treatment with topical antibiotics along with massage and frequent cleansing of secretions, the infant’s symptoms have not improved. Which action is correct? a. Perform massage more frequently. b. Prescribe an oral antibiotic. c. Recommend hot compresses. d. Refer to an ophthalmologist. ANS: D Infants treated for a secondary bacterial conjunctivitis with lacrimal duct obstruction who do not improve after 1 to 2 weeks of topical antibiotic therapy must be referred to an ophthalmologist for possible lacrimal duct probe. Performing the massage more often or applying hot compresses will not help clear the infections. Oral antibiotics are not indicated. 14. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner performs a well child examination on a 9-month-old infant who has a history of prematurity at 28 weeks’ gestation. The infant was treated for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and all symptoms have resolved. When will the infant need an ophthalmologic exam? a. At 12 months of age b. At 24 months of age c. At 48 months of age d. At 60 months of age ANS: A Children who have a history of ROP requiring treatment, even if ROP has completely resolved, will need yearly ophthalmologic follow-up. Less frequent follow-up is required for children with ROP who did not require treatment. 15. A school-age child is hit in the face with a baseball bat and reports pain in one eye. The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is able to see a dark red fluid level between the cornea and iris on gross examination, but the child resists any exam with a light. Which action is correct?