BPA E1 Questions with Correct Solutions
Define the Gate Control Theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows
them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up
small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the
brain.
What fibers are used in the Gate Control Theory?
A-beta stimulates, A-delta, C blocked
Define the endogenous opiate theory of pain
Pain is modulated by the body's own opioid-like chemicals (endorphins, enkephalins,
dynorphins) that inhibit pain transmission in the CNS.
Which fibers are essential to endogenous opiate theory?
a-beta, a-alpha, sometimes a-delta all stimulated
What type of TENS is considered sensory-level, high-frequency?
Conventional TENS
What pulse frequency is used in Conventional TENS?
at least 50pps, typically 80-110pps
What pulse duration is typical for Conventional TENS?
50-100usec
, Which nerve fibers are selectively stimulated in Conventional TENS?
large diameter, A-beta sensory fibers
What pain modulation theory explains Conventional TENS?
Gate Control Theory
Where are the electrodes placed for Conventional TENS?
Over or adjacent to the site of pain, or along the involved dermatome or myotome
What electrode arrangement is most commonly used in Conventional TENS?
bipolar
How does the patient typically describe the sensation of Conventional TENS?
tingling/buzzing
When is Conventional TENS effective?
only during treatment, no long lasting effects
In which stage of recovery is Conventional TENS most appropriate?
acute stage
what is the typical waveform of conventional TENS?
mono- or biphasic pulsed current
What type of TENS is described as motor-level, low-frequency stimulation?
acupuncture TENS
Define the Gate Control Theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows
them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up
small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the
brain.
What fibers are used in the Gate Control Theory?
A-beta stimulates, A-delta, C blocked
Define the endogenous opiate theory of pain
Pain is modulated by the body's own opioid-like chemicals (endorphins, enkephalins,
dynorphins) that inhibit pain transmission in the CNS.
Which fibers are essential to endogenous opiate theory?
a-beta, a-alpha, sometimes a-delta all stimulated
What type of TENS is considered sensory-level, high-frequency?
Conventional TENS
What pulse frequency is used in Conventional TENS?
at least 50pps, typically 80-110pps
What pulse duration is typical for Conventional TENS?
50-100usec
, Which nerve fibers are selectively stimulated in Conventional TENS?
large diameter, A-beta sensory fibers
What pain modulation theory explains Conventional TENS?
Gate Control Theory
Where are the electrodes placed for Conventional TENS?
Over or adjacent to the site of pain, or along the involved dermatome or myotome
What electrode arrangement is most commonly used in Conventional TENS?
bipolar
How does the patient typically describe the sensation of Conventional TENS?
tingling/buzzing
When is Conventional TENS effective?
only during treatment, no long lasting effects
In which stage of recovery is Conventional TENS most appropriate?
acute stage
what is the typical waveform of conventional TENS?
mono- or biphasic pulsed current
What type of TENS is described as motor-level, low-frequency stimulation?
acupuncture TENS
