NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology / Final Exam Study Guide Modules 1-10 |latest|

Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Modules 1-10 Module 1 Chapter 2 I. General Adaptation Syndrome and Allostasis a. Alarm Stage: Fight-or-Flight response due to stressful stimuli. b. Resistance Stage: Nervous & Endocrine systems returning the body to homeostasis c. Exhaustion Stage: Point where bofy can no longer return to homeostasis Chapter 24 II. Body Fluid Homeostasis: Pertains to water within the body and the particles dissolved in it. i. Fluid Distribution: Occurs through osmosis, water moves to higher osmolality, cell membranes permeable to water, not electrolytes. ii. Extracellular Fluid: OUTSIDE THE CELL 1. 1/3 BODY FLUID IN ADULTS 2. Infants have more extracellular fluid as compared to intracellular iii. Intracellular Fluid: INSIDE THE CELL 1. 2/3 BODY FLUID IN ADULTS III. Fluid Imbalances a. Volume Deficit i. Etiology: Caused by removal of a sodium-containing fluid from the body ii. Clinical Manifestations:Sudden weight loss, postural blood pressure decrease with concurrent increased heart rate, flat neck veins, lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope, oliguria, decreased skin turgot, dryness of oral mucus membranes, hard stools, soft sunken eyeballs, lonitudinal furrows in the tongue 1. INFANTS: fontanel may be sunken, neck veins are not reliably assessed in infants b. Volume Excess i. Etiology: Amount of extracellular fluid is abnormally increased, vascular and intersitial areas have too much fluid ii. Clinical Manifestations: 1. Circulatory Overload: Bounding pulse, neck vein distention in upright position, crackles in dependent portions of lungs, dyspnea, orthopnea 2. Sudden Weight Gain: A sensitive measure of extracellular fluid 3. INFANT: Bulging fontanel, assessment of neck veins is not effective in infants 4. Edema 5. ADVANCED: Frothy sputum of pulmonary edema IV. Body Fluid Concentration a. Hyponatremia: Serum Sodium conentration below the lower limit of normal i. Clinical Manifestations: 1. Mild Central Nervous System Dysfunction: Malaise, anorexia, nausea, vommiting, headache 2. Severe Central Nervous System Dysfunction: Confusion, lethargy, seizures, coma, fatal cerebral herniation b. Hypernatremia: Serum sodium concentration above upper limit of normal i. Etiology/Causes: Gain of more salt than water, loss of more water