NURS 6675 MIDTERM EXAM 2026
CERTIFICATION STUDY PACK
◉ Physiology. Answer: Study of how body structures function Ex,
Explaining how the heart contracts.
◉ Pathophysiology. Answer: Study of how disease disrupts normal
function Ex, How asthma narrows airways.
◉ Levels of Organization. Answer: Hierarchy from organism → organ
system → organ → tissue → cell → molecules Ex, The stomach
(organ) is part of the digestive system.
◉ Negative Feedback. Answer: Maintains homeostasis by reversing a
change using receptor → integrator → effector Ex, Body cools down
by sweating.
◉ Receptor. Answer: Detects a change in the environment Ex,
Thermoreceptors sensing heat.
◉ Integrator (Control Center). Answer: Processes input and decides
the response Ex, Hypothalamus comparing temperature to normal.
,◉ Effector. Answer: Carries out corrective action Ex, Sweat glands
releasing sweat.
◉ Positive Feedback. Answer: Amplifies change rather than
reversing it Ex, Oxytocin increasing contractions in childbirth.
◉ Water (Structure & Importance). Answer: Polar molecule forming
hydrogen bonds essential for life processes Ex, Water dissolving ions
in blood.
◉ Proton. Answer: Positively charged particle in atom's nucleus Ex,
Hydrogen has 1 proton.
◉ Electron. Answer: Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus
Ex, Electrons form chemical bonds.
◉ Covalent Bond. Answer: Atoms share electrons Ex, O₂ molecule.
◉ Ionic Bond. Answer: One atom transfers electrons to another Ex,
NaCl salt crystal.
◉ Hydrogen Bond. Answer: Weak attraction between polar
molecules Ex, Water molecules sticking together.
,◉ Enzyme. Answer: Protein that speeds up chemical reactions Ex,
Amylase breaking starch.
◉ Protein. Answer: Polymer of amino acids used for structure and
function Ex, Collagen in skin.
◉ Carbohydrate. Answer: Sugars used for immediate energy Ex,
Glucose fuel for cells.
◉ Lipids. Answer: Fats used for long-term energy storage Ex,
Triglyceride in adipose tissue.
◉ Nucleic Acids. Answer: DNA and RNA storing genetic information
Ex, DNA in the nucleus.
◉ Phosphoprotein. Answer: Protein modified with a phosphate
group Ex, Phosphorylated enzymes.
◉ Glycoprotein. Answer: Protein with attached carbohydrate chain
Ex, Cell surface markers on RBCs.
◉ Lipoprotein. Answer: Protein that transports lipids in blood Ex,
HDL carrying cholesterol.
, ◉ Phospholipid. Answer: Molecule with hydrophilic head and
hydrophobic tails forming membranes Ex, Cell membrane structure.
◉ Substrate. Answer: Molecule that an enzyme acts on Ex, Lactose
for lactase enzyme.
◉ Carbohydrate Storage (Glycogen). Answer: Body stores
carbohydrates as glycogen in liver and muscle Ex, Breaking down
glycogen during exercise.
◉ Monosaccharide. Answer: Single sugar molecule Ex, Glucose.
◉ Disaccharide. Answer: Two sugars bonded together Ex, Sucrose.
◉ Polysaccharide. Answer: Long chain of sugars used for storage Ex,
Glycogen.
◉ Carbohydrate Formula. Answer: General formula (CH₂O)n Ex,
Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆.
◉ Triglycerides (Composition). Answer: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Ex,
Stored fat in adipocytes.
CERTIFICATION STUDY PACK
◉ Physiology. Answer: Study of how body structures function Ex,
Explaining how the heart contracts.
◉ Pathophysiology. Answer: Study of how disease disrupts normal
function Ex, How asthma narrows airways.
◉ Levels of Organization. Answer: Hierarchy from organism → organ
system → organ → tissue → cell → molecules Ex, The stomach
(organ) is part of the digestive system.
◉ Negative Feedback. Answer: Maintains homeostasis by reversing a
change using receptor → integrator → effector Ex, Body cools down
by sweating.
◉ Receptor. Answer: Detects a change in the environment Ex,
Thermoreceptors sensing heat.
◉ Integrator (Control Center). Answer: Processes input and decides
the response Ex, Hypothalamus comparing temperature to normal.
,◉ Effector. Answer: Carries out corrective action Ex, Sweat glands
releasing sweat.
◉ Positive Feedback. Answer: Amplifies change rather than
reversing it Ex, Oxytocin increasing contractions in childbirth.
◉ Water (Structure & Importance). Answer: Polar molecule forming
hydrogen bonds essential for life processes Ex, Water dissolving ions
in blood.
◉ Proton. Answer: Positively charged particle in atom's nucleus Ex,
Hydrogen has 1 proton.
◉ Electron. Answer: Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus
Ex, Electrons form chemical bonds.
◉ Covalent Bond. Answer: Atoms share electrons Ex, O₂ molecule.
◉ Ionic Bond. Answer: One atom transfers electrons to another Ex,
NaCl salt crystal.
◉ Hydrogen Bond. Answer: Weak attraction between polar
molecules Ex, Water molecules sticking together.
,◉ Enzyme. Answer: Protein that speeds up chemical reactions Ex,
Amylase breaking starch.
◉ Protein. Answer: Polymer of amino acids used for structure and
function Ex, Collagen in skin.
◉ Carbohydrate. Answer: Sugars used for immediate energy Ex,
Glucose fuel for cells.
◉ Lipids. Answer: Fats used for long-term energy storage Ex,
Triglyceride in adipose tissue.
◉ Nucleic Acids. Answer: DNA and RNA storing genetic information
Ex, DNA in the nucleus.
◉ Phosphoprotein. Answer: Protein modified with a phosphate
group Ex, Phosphorylated enzymes.
◉ Glycoprotein. Answer: Protein with attached carbohydrate chain
Ex, Cell surface markers on RBCs.
◉ Lipoprotein. Answer: Protein that transports lipids in blood Ex,
HDL carrying cholesterol.
, ◉ Phospholipid. Answer: Molecule with hydrophilic head and
hydrophobic tails forming membranes Ex, Cell membrane structure.
◉ Substrate. Answer: Molecule that an enzyme acts on Ex, Lactose
for lactase enzyme.
◉ Carbohydrate Storage (Glycogen). Answer: Body stores
carbohydrates as glycogen in liver and muscle Ex, Breaking down
glycogen during exercise.
◉ Monosaccharide. Answer: Single sugar molecule Ex, Glucose.
◉ Disaccharide. Answer: Two sugars bonded together Ex, Sucrose.
◉ Polysaccharide. Answer: Long chain of sugars used for storage Ex,
Glycogen.
◉ Carbohydrate Formula. Answer: General formula (CH₂O)n Ex,
Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆.
◉ Triglycerides (Composition). Answer: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Ex,
Stored fat in adipocytes.
