BIOS 252 Final Exam Review with Complete Solution
1. What are the three types of muscle tissue? Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
2. What are characteristics of skeletal muscle? Striated, voluntary, multinucle- ated, somatic nervous
system control
3. What are characteristics of smooth muscle? Non-striated, involuntary, uninu- cleated,
autonomic nervous control
4. What are characteristics of cardiac muscle: Striated, branching, uninucleat- ed, involuntary,
autonomic nervous control, intercalated discs (gap junctions)
5. What is the thick filament? Myosin
6. What is the thin filament? Actin
7. What are mediating proteins of muscle tissue? Troponin and Tropomyosin
8. What does Calcium bind to? Troponin
9. Where does Calcium come from? Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
10. When Calcium binds to Troponin, what happens? There is a confirmational change wherein Troponin
moves Tropomyosin away so that Myosin can bind to Actin
11. What are characteristics of all muscles? Electrical excitability, extensibility, elasticity, contractility
12. What are the three meninges from outer to inner, including spaces? Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater,
Subarachnoid Space (where CSF is found), Pia Mater (directly attached to spinal cord and brain)
13. What is the filum terminale?: An extension of the Pia Mater which attaches the spinal cord to
coccygeal segment
14. What is an isometric contraction? Length of muscle does not change, but tension does
15. What is an isotonic contraction? Length of muscle changes, but tension does not
16. What is a concentric isotonic contraction? Muscle shortens
17. What is an eccentric isotonic contraction? Muscle lengthens
18. What is an agonist? Prime mover
19. What is an antagonist? Opposes action of the prime mover
20. What is a synergist: An "assistant" or "helper" muscle to the agonist
21. What is a fixator? Stabilizes muscles
22. What is the origin? Point of origin for a muscle with NO movement
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,BIOS 252 Final Exam Review with Complete Solution
23. What is the insertion: Where the muscle inserts, non-stable end where most of the movement
associated with the muscle is performed
24. In a first-class lever system, what is in the middle? Fulcrum
25. In a second-class lever system, what is in the middle? Load
26. In a third-class lever system, what is in the middle? Effort
27. What are the neuroglial cells of the CNS and their functions? Astrocytes (blood brain barrier),
Oligodendrocytes (myelinated--can myelinate MULTIPLE CNS
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,BIOS 252 Final Exam Review with Complete Solution
neuron axons), Microglial (phagocyte/clean-up cells), Ependymal Cell (CSF produc- tion)
28. What are the neuroglial cells of the PNS and their functions? Satellite cells (cover the surface of
nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia), Schwann cells (myelinated--only
myelinates ONE PNS cell)
29. Saltatory conduction happens in which type of neuron? Is this fast or slow conduction?:
Myelinated neurons, fast
30. Continuous conduction happens in which type of neuron? Is this fast or slow conduction?
Unmyelinated neurons, slow
31. What are the special senses? Sight, hearing, taste, balance, smell
32. What are the three divisions of the ear? External ear (auricle, external audi- tory meatus, tympanic
membrane), Middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes, eustachian tube), Inner ear (cochlea, vestibule, semicircular
canals)
33. What is the flow of information in hearing? External ear to middle ear to inner ear, transcribed into
electrical impulse by cochlea which contains hearing receptors in the organ of Corti in the scala media,
carried by cranial nerve VIII to temporal lobe for interpretation
34. Which structure is responsible for linear balance? Vestibule
35. Which structure is responsible for dynamic balance? Semicircular canals
36. Describe the sliding contraction theory: Acetylcholine NT is released from synaptic end bulbs of
neuron, crossing over synaptic cleft, binds to ligand gated receptor present on muscle tissue sarcolemma,
generating a muscle end action potential traveling down the T-Tubule. This activates the sarcoplasmic
reticulum to release calcium. From there, Ca binds to Troponin, moving Tropomyosin, allowing Myosin to
bind to Actin with the help of ATP.
37. Where does ATP come from in the muscle? Creatine Phosphate, Anaerobic Glycolysis, Cellular
Respiration
38. What are the structures of the eye? Cornea, Sclera, Lens, Iris, Macula Lutea, Optic Disc,
Retina
39. What are the photoreceptors of the eye? Rods (see black and white) and Cones (see color), only
present in retinal layer
40. What is the flow of information in the eye? Cornea, lens, optic nerve (CN II), optic chiasm, optic
tract, thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus), optic radiations, occipital cortex
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1. What are the three types of muscle tissue? Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
2. What are characteristics of skeletal muscle? Striated, voluntary, multinucle- ated, somatic nervous
system control
3. What are characteristics of smooth muscle? Non-striated, involuntary, uninu- cleated,
autonomic nervous control
4. What are characteristics of cardiac muscle: Striated, branching, uninucleat- ed, involuntary,
autonomic nervous control, intercalated discs (gap junctions)
5. What is the thick filament? Myosin
6. What is the thin filament? Actin
7. What are mediating proteins of muscle tissue? Troponin and Tropomyosin
8. What does Calcium bind to? Troponin
9. Where does Calcium come from? Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
10. When Calcium binds to Troponin, what happens? There is a confirmational change wherein Troponin
moves Tropomyosin away so that Myosin can bind to Actin
11. What are characteristics of all muscles? Electrical excitability, extensibility, elasticity, contractility
12. What are the three meninges from outer to inner, including spaces? Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater,
Subarachnoid Space (where CSF is found), Pia Mater (directly attached to spinal cord and brain)
13. What is the filum terminale?: An extension of the Pia Mater which attaches the spinal cord to
coccygeal segment
14. What is an isometric contraction? Length of muscle does not change, but tension does
15. What is an isotonic contraction? Length of muscle changes, but tension does not
16. What is a concentric isotonic contraction? Muscle shortens
17. What is an eccentric isotonic contraction? Muscle lengthens
18. What is an agonist? Prime mover
19. What is an antagonist? Opposes action of the prime mover
20. What is a synergist: An "assistant" or "helper" muscle to the agonist
21. What is a fixator? Stabilizes muscles
22. What is the origin? Point of origin for a muscle with NO movement
1/
,BIOS 252 Final Exam Review with Complete Solution
23. What is the insertion: Where the muscle inserts, non-stable end where most of the movement
associated with the muscle is performed
24. In a first-class lever system, what is in the middle? Fulcrum
25. In a second-class lever system, what is in the middle? Load
26. In a third-class lever system, what is in the middle? Effort
27. What are the neuroglial cells of the CNS and their functions? Astrocytes (blood brain barrier),
Oligodendrocytes (myelinated--can myelinate MULTIPLE CNS
2/
,BIOS 252 Final Exam Review with Complete Solution
neuron axons), Microglial (phagocyte/clean-up cells), Ependymal Cell (CSF produc- tion)
28. What are the neuroglial cells of the PNS and their functions? Satellite cells (cover the surface of
nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia), Schwann cells (myelinated--only
myelinates ONE PNS cell)
29. Saltatory conduction happens in which type of neuron? Is this fast or slow conduction?:
Myelinated neurons, fast
30. Continuous conduction happens in which type of neuron? Is this fast or slow conduction?
Unmyelinated neurons, slow
31. What are the special senses? Sight, hearing, taste, balance, smell
32. What are the three divisions of the ear? External ear (auricle, external audi- tory meatus, tympanic
membrane), Middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes, eustachian tube), Inner ear (cochlea, vestibule, semicircular
canals)
33. What is the flow of information in hearing? External ear to middle ear to inner ear, transcribed into
electrical impulse by cochlea which contains hearing receptors in the organ of Corti in the scala media,
carried by cranial nerve VIII to temporal lobe for interpretation
34. Which structure is responsible for linear balance? Vestibule
35. Which structure is responsible for dynamic balance? Semicircular canals
36. Describe the sliding contraction theory: Acetylcholine NT is released from synaptic end bulbs of
neuron, crossing over synaptic cleft, binds to ligand gated receptor present on muscle tissue sarcolemma,
generating a muscle end action potential traveling down the T-Tubule. This activates the sarcoplasmic
reticulum to release calcium. From there, Ca binds to Troponin, moving Tropomyosin, allowing Myosin to
bind to Actin with the help of ATP.
37. Where does ATP come from in the muscle? Creatine Phosphate, Anaerobic Glycolysis, Cellular
Respiration
38. What are the structures of the eye? Cornea, Sclera, Lens, Iris, Macula Lutea, Optic Disc,
Retina
39. What are the photoreceptors of the eye? Rods (see black and white) and Cones (see color), only
present in retinal layer
40. What is the flow of information in the eye? Cornea, lens, optic nerve (CN II), optic chiasm, optic
tract, thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus), optic radiations, occipital cortex
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