Carbon-carbon bond formation
provides a mean of synthesising new compounds containing more carbon atoms
reactions that can be used to lengthen a carbon chain, to add a side chain to a
benzene ring and to introduce new functional groups which can then be reacted
further
Formation of nitriles
has the functional group -CN
Nitriles from haloalkanes
can be formed with sodium cyanide NaCN, or potassium cyanide (KCN) in
ethanol
in this reaction the length of the carbon chain is increased
the reaction follows a nucleophilic substitution mechanism
Nitriles from aldehydes and ketones
is formed with hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
reaction is a nucleophilic addition mechanism
Carbon-carbon bond formation 1
, the reaction forms a carbon-carbon bond, therefore increasing the number of
carbon atoms in the molecule
the product is a hydroxy nitrile
hydrogen cyanide is far too poisonous to use, and an increased reaction rate
can be obtained in the presence of cyanide ions - a mixture of sodium cyanide
and sulfuric acid is used, which improves safety and increases reaction rate
Reduction of nitriles
can be reduced to amines by reacting with hydrogen in the presence of a
nickel catalyst
Hydrolysis of nitriles
nitriles undergo hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids by heating with dilute
aqueous acids (e.g. HCl)
Carbon-carbon bond formation 2
provides a mean of synthesising new compounds containing more carbon atoms
reactions that can be used to lengthen a carbon chain, to add a side chain to a
benzene ring and to introduce new functional groups which can then be reacted
further
Formation of nitriles
has the functional group -CN
Nitriles from haloalkanes
can be formed with sodium cyanide NaCN, or potassium cyanide (KCN) in
ethanol
in this reaction the length of the carbon chain is increased
the reaction follows a nucleophilic substitution mechanism
Nitriles from aldehydes and ketones
is formed with hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
reaction is a nucleophilic addition mechanism
Carbon-carbon bond formation 1
, the reaction forms a carbon-carbon bond, therefore increasing the number of
carbon atoms in the molecule
the product is a hydroxy nitrile
hydrogen cyanide is far too poisonous to use, and an increased reaction rate
can be obtained in the presence of cyanide ions - a mixture of sodium cyanide
and sulfuric acid is used, which improves safety and increases reaction rate
Reduction of nitriles
can be reduced to amines by reacting with hydrogen in the presence of a
nickel catalyst
Hydrolysis of nitriles
nitriles undergo hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids by heating with dilute
aqueous acids (e.g. HCl)
Carbon-carbon bond formation 2
