Maryville University Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study
Guide With Accurate answers
HD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in the
initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with
hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic
heart failure.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? -
ANSWER-:Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
How does ethanol injure the cell? - ANSWER-Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify
ethanol - if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the
term "Fatty Liver)
Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ANSWER-
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Aging and the cell/tissues. - ANSWER-Every physiologic processes can be shown to
function less efficiently.
o Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach.
Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of decreased
cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Which are indications of dehydration? - ANSWER-Marked water deficit is manifested
by S & S of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes,
elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor
may be normal or decreased. Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including
tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness and postural hypotension, may be present.
Thirst:
Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
Infants: 75-80% TBW
Obese: fat is water repelling
Older: thirst sensation is diminished
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space because the: - ANSWER-capillary hydrostatic pressure (influenced
by the Cardiac system) is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
, Oncotic pressure is heavily influenced by ______________.
Low plasma _________ causes edema as a result of a reduction in plasma oncotic
pressure - ANSWER-plasma proteins/albumin
What is the role of natriuretic peptides? - ANSWER-They decrease blood pressure
and increase sodium and water retention. Natriuretic peptides are hormones that
include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produced by the myocardial atria, brain
natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardial ventricles, and urodilatin within
the kidney. Natriuretic peptides decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and
water excretion. (ANTAGONIST OF THE RAAS) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system
How does the RAAS function? - ANSWER-When circulating blood volume or blood
pressure is reduced, renin, an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the
kidney, is released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased
perfusion of the renal vasculature.
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated
by: - ANSWER-an Increase in plasma osmolality.
What does Na+ do? - ANSWER-Regulator of fluids; maintenance of neuromuscular
irritability for conduction of nerve impulses. (135-145 meq/L)
Clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia: - ANSWER-confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and coma.
Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extravascular space in an effort to
restore fluid balance.
How does hypernatremia impact the brain? - ANSWER-The high sodium in the blood
vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to
shrink. Cerebral hemorrhage from stretching/contraction of veins.
What are the manifestations and causes of hyponatremia? (less than 135 meq/L) -
ANSWER-Pure sodium deficits: diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea.
Dilutional hyponatremias: hypotonic IV solutions (post-op)
Diseases: Kidney failure, Heart failure; liver failure (ascites)
S & S: headache, lethargy, confusion; seizures, coma
What does K+ do? - ANSWER-Major determinant of the resting membrane potential
necessary for transmission of nerve impulses.
The ratio of K+ in the ICF to K+ in the ECF is the major determinant of the resting
membrane potential, which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of
nerve impulses, maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth
muscle contraction.
What are causes of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-Renal failure and Addison's disease
(decreased production of aldosterone thus body holds onto K+). Hyperkalemia
should be investigated when there is a history of renal disease, massive trauma,
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study
Guide With Accurate answers
HD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in the
initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with
hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic
heart failure.
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? -
ANSWER-:Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
How does ethanol injure the cell? - ANSWER-Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify
ethanol - if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the
term "Fatty Liver)
Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - ANSWER-
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Aging and the cell/tissues. - ANSWER-Every physiologic processes can be shown to
function less efficiently.
o Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach.
Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of decreased
cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Which are indications of dehydration? - ANSWER-Marked water deficit is manifested
by S & S of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes,
elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor
may be normal or decreased. Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including
tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness and postural hypotension, may be present.
Thirst:
Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
Infants: 75-80% TBW
Obese: fat is water repelling
Older: thirst sensation is diminished
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space because the: - ANSWER-capillary hydrostatic pressure (influenced
by the Cardiac system) is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
, Oncotic pressure is heavily influenced by ______________.
Low plasma _________ causes edema as a result of a reduction in plasma oncotic
pressure - ANSWER-plasma proteins/albumin
What is the role of natriuretic peptides? - ANSWER-They decrease blood pressure
and increase sodium and water retention. Natriuretic peptides are hormones that
include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produced by the myocardial atria, brain
natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardial ventricles, and urodilatin within
the kidney. Natriuretic peptides decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and
water excretion. (ANTAGONIST OF THE RAAS) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system
How does the RAAS function? - ANSWER-When circulating blood volume or blood
pressure is reduced, renin, an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the
kidney, is released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased
perfusion of the renal vasculature.
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated
by: - ANSWER-an Increase in plasma osmolality.
What does Na+ do? - ANSWER-Regulator of fluids; maintenance of neuromuscular
irritability for conduction of nerve impulses. (135-145 meq/L)
Clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia: - ANSWER-confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and coma.
Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extravascular space in an effort to
restore fluid balance.
How does hypernatremia impact the brain? - ANSWER-The high sodium in the blood
vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to
shrink. Cerebral hemorrhage from stretching/contraction of veins.
What are the manifestations and causes of hyponatremia? (less than 135 meq/L) -
ANSWER-Pure sodium deficits: diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea.
Dilutional hyponatremias: hypotonic IV solutions (post-op)
Diseases: Kidney failure, Heart failure; liver failure (ascites)
S & S: headache, lethargy, confusion; seizures, coma
What does K+ do? - ANSWER-Major determinant of the resting membrane potential
necessary for transmission of nerve impulses.
The ratio of K+ in the ICF to K+ in the ECF is the major determinant of the resting
membrane potential, which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of
nerve impulses, maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth
muscle contraction.
What are causes of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-Renal failure and Addison's disease
(decreased production of aldosterone thus body holds onto K+). Hyperkalemia
should be investigated when there is a history of renal disease, massive trauma,
