A&P 2 Exam 3 (Respiratory, Digestive,
And Metabolism) Questions And Correct
Solutions Update 26
Define ventilation - Ans--- aka breathing
-Air is moved into and out of the lungs (during inspiration and expiration)
-Insures continuous refreshing of the gas in the alveoli of the lungs
-Removes staler air (air with a higher pCO2)
Define external respiration - Ans---Takes place in the pulmonary capillaries
across the respiratory membrane
- Blood takes up O2 and gives up CO2
-O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood and CO2 diffuses from the blood
into the lungs)
Define internal respiration - Ans---Takes place in the systemic capillaries
-Blood gives up O2 and takes up CO2
-O2 diffuses from the blood into the tissue cells and CO2 diffuses from the
tissue cells into the blood
Distinguish between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the
respiratory system. - Ans---Conducting zone (conducts gases): nares -->
nasal cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles -->
terminal bronchioles
*function is to filter, warm, and moisten air while conducting it to the lungs
-Respiratory zone: respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveoli
*main site of gas exchange between air and blood
***conducting zone + respiratory zone = respiratory tract (airway)
,What are the general functions of the nostrils and nasal cavity? What
structural features support these functions? - Ans---Function: provide
airway for respiration, moisten and warm the entering air, filter and cleanse
the inspired air, serves as a resonating chamber that helps with speech,
houses the olfactory (smell) nerves
*nostrils are bound laterally by flared alae
*Nasal cavity is divided by midline (nasal
septum), the floor is the palate of your mouth,
and the ethmoid and sphenoid bones surround
it (roof)
Name and describe the three levels of the pharynx (e.g., how epithelial
lining changes and how this supports function change). - Ans--1.)
Nasopharynx (only an air passage)
-Posterior to nasal cavity, inferior to sphenoid bone, and superior to the
level of the soft palate
-Continuous with the nasal cavity through the posterior nasal apertures
-Pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium
*propels mucus where the nasal mucosa leaves
off
2.) Oropharynx (swallowed food and inhaled air pass through)
-Lies posterior to oral cavity and is continuous with it through the archway
called the isthmus of the fauces
-Stratified squamous epithelium
*more protective against the increased friction
and chemical trauma (characteristics of hot and
spicy foods) accompanying food passage
3.) Laryngopharynx (passageway for air and food)
-Lies directly posterior to the larynx, where the respiratory and digestive
pathways diverge, and extends to the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage
-Continuous with the esophagus posteriorly
-Esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach
-Air enters larynx anteriorly
-During swallowing, food has the "right of way" and air passage temporarily
stops
-Stratified squamous epithelium
,***Pharynx wall is composed of skeletal muscle throughout, but cellular
composition of mucosa varies form one region to another
What are the functions of the larynx and what structural features support
these functions? - Ans--(Voice box)
-Functions: 1.) Provide a patent (open) airway; acts as a switching
mechanism to route air and food into their proper channels 2.) Voice
production (because it houses the vocal folds (vocal cords))
-It is an intricate arrangement of nine cartilages connected by membranes
and ligaments
*All laryngeal cartilages are hyaline cartilage
except for the epiglottis
Describe the general location and function of thyroid cartilage. - Ans---
Protects larynx
Describe the general location and function of cricoid cartilage. - Ans---
Marks the lowermost part of the larynx
-Helps protect the larynx
-Inferior to thyroid cartilage
-Ring-shaped and perched atop and anchored to the trachea inferiorly
Describe the general location and function of the epiglottis. - Ans---Extends
from the posterior aspect of the tongue to its anchoring point on the anterior
rim of the thyroid cartilage
-Very flexible
*When air is flowing into the larynx, the inlet to
the larynx is wide open and the free edges of
the epiglottis project upward (guardian of the
airways)
*During swallowing the larynx is pulled
superiorly and the epiglottis tips to cover the
laryngeal inlet (the opening)
-Keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages
*Anything other than air will initiate a cough
, reflex
Describe the general location and function of the glottis. - Ans---Medial
opening between vocal folds
-Allows air to pass through
Describe the general location and function of arytenoid cartilage - Ans---
Anchors vocal cords
Describe the general location and function of the ventricular folds. - Ans---
No direct part in sound production
-Superior to the vocal cords
-Help close the glottis when swallowing
Describe the general location and function of the vocal folds/cords. - Ans---
Under laryngeal mucosa on each side
-Attached arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
-Vibrate to produce sounds as air rushes up from the lungs
-Vocal cords and space between where air flows is the glottis
What type of cartilage are the thyroid cartilages composed of? - Ans--
Hyaline cartilage
Identify and describe the three layers of the tracheal wall. - Ans--1.)Mucosa
-Same goblet-cell containing pseudo stratified epithelium that occurs
throughout most of the respiratory tract
-Cilia continuously propel debris-laden mucus toward pharynx
-Epithelium rests on a fairly thick lamina proper that has a rich supply of
elastic fibers
2.)Submucosa
-Connective tissue layer deep to the mucosa
-Contains seromucous glands that help produce mucus "sheets" within the
trachea
3.)Adventitia
-Outermost layer of connective tissue
And Metabolism) Questions And Correct
Solutions Update 26
Define ventilation - Ans--- aka breathing
-Air is moved into and out of the lungs (during inspiration and expiration)
-Insures continuous refreshing of the gas in the alveoli of the lungs
-Removes staler air (air with a higher pCO2)
Define external respiration - Ans---Takes place in the pulmonary capillaries
across the respiratory membrane
- Blood takes up O2 and gives up CO2
-O2 diffuses from the lungs to the blood and CO2 diffuses from the blood
into the lungs)
Define internal respiration - Ans---Takes place in the systemic capillaries
-Blood gives up O2 and takes up CO2
-O2 diffuses from the blood into the tissue cells and CO2 diffuses from the
tissue cells into the blood
Distinguish between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the
respiratory system. - Ans---Conducting zone (conducts gases): nares -->
nasal cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles -->
terminal bronchioles
*function is to filter, warm, and moisten air while conducting it to the lungs
-Respiratory zone: respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveoli
*main site of gas exchange between air and blood
***conducting zone + respiratory zone = respiratory tract (airway)
,What are the general functions of the nostrils and nasal cavity? What
structural features support these functions? - Ans---Function: provide
airway for respiration, moisten and warm the entering air, filter and cleanse
the inspired air, serves as a resonating chamber that helps with speech,
houses the olfactory (smell) nerves
*nostrils are bound laterally by flared alae
*Nasal cavity is divided by midline (nasal
septum), the floor is the palate of your mouth,
and the ethmoid and sphenoid bones surround
it (roof)
Name and describe the three levels of the pharynx (e.g., how epithelial
lining changes and how this supports function change). - Ans--1.)
Nasopharynx (only an air passage)
-Posterior to nasal cavity, inferior to sphenoid bone, and superior to the
level of the soft palate
-Continuous with the nasal cavity through the posterior nasal apertures
-Pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium
*propels mucus where the nasal mucosa leaves
off
2.) Oropharynx (swallowed food and inhaled air pass through)
-Lies posterior to oral cavity and is continuous with it through the archway
called the isthmus of the fauces
-Stratified squamous epithelium
*more protective against the increased friction
and chemical trauma (characteristics of hot and
spicy foods) accompanying food passage
3.) Laryngopharynx (passageway for air and food)
-Lies directly posterior to the larynx, where the respiratory and digestive
pathways diverge, and extends to the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage
-Continuous with the esophagus posteriorly
-Esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach
-Air enters larynx anteriorly
-During swallowing, food has the "right of way" and air passage temporarily
stops
-Stratified squamous epithelium
,***Pharynx wall is composed of skeletal muscle throughout, but cellular
composition of mucosa varies form one region to another
What are the functions of the larynx and what structural features support
these functions? - Ans--(Voice box)
-Functions: 1.) Provide a patent (open) airway; acts as a switching
mechanism to route air and food into their proper channels 2.) Voice
production (because it houses the vocal folds (vocal cords))
-It is an intricate arrangement of nine cartilages connected by membranes
and ligaments
*All laryngeal cartilages are hyaline cartilage
except for the epiglottis
Describe the general location and function of thyroid cartilage. - Ans---
Protects larynx
Describe the general location and function of cricoid cartilage. - Ans---
Marks the lowermost part of the larynx
-Helps protect the larynx
-Inferior to thyroid cartilage
-Ring-shaped and perched atop and anchored to the trachea inferiorly
Describe the general location and function of the epiglottis. - Ans---Extends
from the posterior aspect of the tongue to its anchoring point on the anterior
rim of the thyroid cartilage
-Very flexible
*When air is flowing into the larynx, the inlet to
the larynx is wide open and the free edges of
the epiglottis project upward (guardian of the
airways)
*During swallowing the larynx is pulled
superiorly and the epiglottis tips to cover the
laryngeal inlet (the opening)
-Keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages
*Anything other than air will initiate a cough
, reflex
Describe the general location and function of the glottis. - Ans---Medial
opening between vocal folds
-Allows air to pass through
Describe the general location and function of arytenoid cartilage - Ans---
Anchors vocal cords
Describe the general location and function of the ventricular folds. - Ans---
No direct part in sound production
-Superior to the vocal cords
-Help close the glottis when swallowing
Describe the general location and function of the vocal folds/cords. - Ans---
Under laryngeal mucosa on each side
-Attached arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
-Vibrate to produce sounds as air rushes up from the lungs
-Vocal cords and space between where air flows is the glottis
What type of cartilage are the thyroid cartilages composed of? - Ans--
Hyaline cartilage
Identify and describe the three layers of the tracheal wall. - Ans--1.)Mucosa
-Same goblet-cell containing pseudo stratified epithelium that occurs
throughout most of the respiratory tract
-Cilia continuously propel debris-laden mucus toward pharynx
-Epithelium rests on a fairly thick lamina proper that has a rich supply of
elastic fibers
2.)Submucosa
-Connective tissue layer deep to the mucosa
-Contains seromucous glands that help produce mucus "sheets" within the
trachea
3.)Adventitia
-Outermost layer of connective tissue
