MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Rosalind Franklin - Answers Discovered DNA in 1953
Histones - Answers protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
Nucleolus - Answers Ribosome Factory
Transfer RNA - Answers Trucks that bring amino acids to protein
Transcription - Answers Process of taking a record from one form to another without changing
language
Reverse Transcriptase - Answers Turns RNA into DNA
Translation - Answers One language to another, assembles a protein
Helicase - Answers unwinds DNA
leading strand - Answers synthesized continuously
Diploid - Answers 2 sets of chromosomes
Interphase - Answers period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
quiescent - Answers inactive; at rest
G1 phase - Answers Cell growth
S phase - Answers DNA replication
Prophase - Answers DNA packaged, wrapped around histones, forms chromosomes
Metaphase - Answers second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the
center of the cell
normal karyotype - Answers 46 chromosomes
Anaphase - Answers Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends
of the cell
Telophase - Answers After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
Meiosis - Answers The essential feature of sexual reproduction is the union of gametes
crossing over - Answers exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during
prophase I of meiosis
Mendelian Genetics - Answers The pattern of inheriting characteristics that follows the laws
formulated by Gregor Mendel
Genotype - Answers An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
recessive allele - Answers •require two copies of the gene in order to create the observable
phenotype
Codons - Answers •These are three-letter combinations of bases that each code for a particular amino
acid
point mutation - Answers When a single base in a codon is changed
missense mutation - Answers a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a
different amino acid
Nonsense Mutations - Answers A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop
codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
sickle cell mutation - Answers •changes the normal glutamic acid codon to a valine codon in the
hemoglobin gene
repressors - Answers prevent binding of RNA polymerase to the template strand
terminators - Answers RNA sequences that provide the signal to RNA polymerase for stopping
transcription
Differentiation - Answers •describes the different appearance adopted by cells that have different
jobs to do
Epigenetics - Answers •the sum total of mechanisms for differential gene expression in different cells
RNA polymerase - Answers Makes the primary transcript
Exons - Answers expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
intron - Answers sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
AUG - Answers start codon
UAA, UAG, UGA - Answers stop codons
Rosalind Franklin - Answers Discovered DNA in 1953
Histones - Answers protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
Nucleolus - Answers Ribosome Factory
Transfer RNA - Answers Trucks that bring amino acids to protein
Transcription - Answers Process of taking a record from one form to another without changing
language
Reverse Transcriptase - Answers Turns RNA into DNA
Translation - Answers One language to another, assembles a protein
Helicase - Answers unwinds DNA
leading strand - Answers synthesized continuously
Diploid - Answers 2 sets of chromosomes
Interphase - Answers period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
quiescent - Answers inactive; at rest
G1 phase - Answers Cell growth
S phase - Answers DNA replication
Prophase - Answers DNA packaged, wrapped around histones, forms chromosomes
Metaphase - Answers second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the
center of the cell
normal karyotype - Answers 46 chromosomes
Anaphase - Answers Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends
of the cell
Telophase - Answers After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
Meiosis - Answers The essential feature of sexual reproduction is the union of gametes
crossing over - Answers exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during
prophase I of meiosis
Mendelian Genetics - Answers The pattern of inheriting characteristics that follows the laws
formulated by Gregor Mendel
Genotype - Answers An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
recessive allele - Answers •require two copies of the gene in order to create the observable
phenotype
Codons - Answers •These are three-letter combinations of bases that each code for a particular amino
acid
point mutation - Answers When a single base in a codon is changed
missense mutation - Answers a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a
different amino acid
Nonsense Mutations - Answers A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop
codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
sickle cell mutation - Answers •changes the normal glutamic acid codon to a valine codon in the
hemoglobin gene
repressors - Answers prevent binding of RNA polymerase to the template strand
terminators - Answers RNA sequences that provide the signal to RNA polymerase for stopping
transcription
Differentiation - Answers •describes the different appearance adopted by cells that have different
jobs to do
Epigenetics - Answers •the sum total of mechanisms for differential gene expression in different cells
RNA polymerase - Answers Makes the primary transcript
Exons - Answers expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
intron - Answers sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
AUG - Answers start codon
UAA, UAG, UGA - Answers stop codons
