CMN 420 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED ANSWERS RATED A+
FOR SUCCESS
Differentiate between the Three levels of prevention - ANSWERS-Primary Prevention:
includes measures taken to keep illness of injuries from occurring. Examples are
Childhood vaccines, installation of safety devices in the home of the elderly,etc.
-Secondary Prevention: involves efforts to detect and treat existing disease. Examples
include breast and testicular exams, cholesterol screening, etc
-Tertiary Prevention: attempts to reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to
its lowest possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function.
Examples include rehab of person after a stroke, post mastectomy exercise programs to
restore function, etc.
Understand the ethical principles of Respect, Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence,
Justice, Fidelity, Veracity - ANSWERS-Respect: treating people as unique, equal, and
responsible moral agents.
-Autonomy: freedom of choice and the exercise of people rights
- Beneficence: doing good or benefiting others
-Non-maleficence: avoiding or preventing harm to others as a consequence of a
persons own choices and actions.
-Justice: treating people fairly
-Fidelity: keeping promises
Veracity: telling the truth
Distinguish between herbalism, folk medicine, home remedies, magicoreligous views -
ANSWERS-Herbalism: herbs, roots, barks and liquid preps.
-Folk medicine: a body of preserved treated practices that has been handed down
verbally from generation to generation.
-Home remedies: individualized care-giving practices that are passed down within
families.
,-Magicoreligious view: focus on the control of health and illness by supernatural forces.
Understand the Causes of Death due to Diarrheal diseases and the treatment that can
be used to reduce deaths - ANSWERS-Actual cause of death: generally severe
dehydration and fluid loss
-Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) - used to prevent
or correct dehydration (not to treat the source of the diarrheal illness)
- Seven preventative interventions:Improved water source, Improved sanitation and
household water treatments, Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, Hand
washing with soap, Good personal and food hygiene, Health education, Rotavirus
vaccination
-Treatment interventions: ORS, Zinc supplements. Rehydration with IVF (in cases of
severe dehydration), Nutrient-rich foods, Seeking early treatment from a health
professional
Distinguish between endemic, pandemic, epidemic - ANSWERS-Endemic: where
disease is most frequently found
-Pandemic: when an epidemic is worldwide in distribution
-Epidemic : a disease occurrence that clearly exceed the normal or expected frequency
in a community or region
Understand the three elements of the epidemic triad model - ANSWERS-Host:
susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent
-Agent: a factor that causes or contributes to health problem or condition (biologic,
chemical, nutrient, physical or psychologial)
-Environment: all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence
vulnerability or resistance.
Understand host, reservoir, mode of transmission - ANSWERS-Host: susceptible
human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent.
-Reservoir: where the casual agent can live and multiply
-Mode of Transmission: literally how it was transmitted
Know the difference between chain of causation and web of causation - ANSWERS-
Chain of causation: begins by identifying the reservoir; next the agent must have a
portal of exit from the reservoir, as well as some mode of transmission; the next link is
, the agent itself, then the portal of entry. Reservoir-->portal of exit-> mode of
transmission--> agent--> portal of entry--> host
-Web of causation: the implication that intervention (or breaking of the web at any point
nearest to the disease ) could profoundly impact the development of that disease;
"Casual matrix"
Understand the healthcare professional's role and reportable diseases - ANSWERS-
Reportable dz: if the disease has the ability to cause death and the communicability of
the disease (plague, cholera, yellow fever, polio TB, malaria, viral influenza, etc)
-HCP's Role: community health nurses can use three sources of info when conducting
epidemiological investigation
Understand the classification of the Tuberculin Skin Test Reaction - ANSWERS- An
induration of 5 or more millimeters considered positive for HIV infected ppl, recent
contacts or person with infectious TB, ppl who have fibroic changes on a chest
radiograph, patients with organ transplant and other immunosuppressed patients
(including patients taking a prolonged course or oral or IV corticosteriods or TNF
antagonists (tumor necrosis factor)
-An induration of 10 or more millimeters considered positive for people who have come
to the US within the last 5 years from the areas of the world where TB is common (e.g
Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Russia, or Latin America), injection drug users,
mycobacterology lab workers, ppl who live or work in high risk congregate settings, ppl
with certain medical contions that place them at risk for TB (DM, Severe kidney dz,
certain types of cancer, and certain intestinal conditions), children younger than 5.
infants, children and adolescents exposed to adults in high risk categories
-An induration for 15 of more mm considered positive for people who no know risk
factors for TB
Define Prevalence and Incidence - ANSWERSIncidence is the rate of new (or newly
diagnosed) cases of the disease. It is generally reported as the number of new cases
occurring within a period of time (e.g., per month, per year).
Prevalence is the actual number of cases alive, with the disease either during a period
of time (period prevalence) or at a particular date in time (point prevalence).
Understand examples of Indirect transmissions and Vector Transmission - ANSWERS-
Indirect Transmission: occurs when the infectious agent is transported within
contaminated inanimate materials such as air, water or food (vehicle borne
transmission)
WITH DETAILED ANSWERS RATED A+
FOR SUCCESS
Differentiate between the Three levels of prevention - ANSWERS-Primary Prevention:
includes measures taken to keep illness of injuries from occurring. Examples are
Childhood vaccines, installation of safety devices in the home of the elderly,etc.
-Secondary Prevention: involves efforts to detect and treat existing disease. Examples
include breast and testicular exams, cholesterol screening, etc
-Tertiary Prevention: attempts to reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to
its lowest possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function.
Examples include rehab of person after a stroke, post mastectomy exercise programs to
restore function, etc.
Understand the ethical principles of Respect, Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence,
Justice, Fidelity, Veracity - ANSWERS-Respect: treating people as unique, equal, and
responsible moral agents.
-Autonomy: freedom of choice and the exercise of people rights
- Beneficence: doing good or benefiting others
-Non-maleficence: avoiding or preventing harm to others as a consequence of a
persons own choices and actions.
-Justice: treating people fairly
-Fidelity: keeping promises
Veracity: telling the truth
Distinguish between herbalism, folk medicine, home remedies, magicoreligous views -
ANSWERS-Herbalism: herbs, roots, barks and liquid preps.
-Folk medicine: a body of preserved treated practices that has been handed down
verbally from generation to generation.
-Home remedies: individualized care-giving practices that are passed down within
families.
,-Magicoreligious view: focus on the control of health and illness by supernatural forces.
Understand the Causes of Death due to Diarrheal diseases and the treatment that can
be used to reduce deaths - ANSWERS-Actual cause of death: generally severe
dehydration and fluid loss
-Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) - used to prevent
or correct dehydration (not to treat the source of the diarrheal illness)
- Seven preventative interventions:Improved water source, Improved sanitation and
household water treatments, Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, Hand
washing with soap, Good personal and food hygiene, Health education, Rotavirus
vaccination
-Treatment interventions: ORS, Zinc supplements. Rehydration with IVF (in cases of
severe dehydration), Nutrient-rich foods, Seeking early treatment from a health
professional
Distinguish between endemic, pandemic, epidemic - ANSWERS-Endemic: where
disease is most frequently found
-Pandemic: when an epidemic is worldwide in distribution
-Epidemic : a disease occurrence that clearly exceed the normal or expected frequency
in a community or region
Understand the three elements of the epidemic triad model - ANSWERS-Host:
susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent
-Agent: a factor that causes or contributes to health problem or condition (biologic,
chemical, nutrient, physical or psychologial)
-Environment: all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence
vulnerability or resistance.
Understand host, reservoir, mode of transmission - ANSWERS-Host: susceptible
human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent.
-Reservoir: where the casual agent can live and multiply
-Mode of Transmission: literally how it was transmitted
Know the difference between chain of causation and web of causation - ANSWERS-
Chain of causation: begins by identifying the reservoir; next the agent must have a
portal of exit from the reservoir, as well as some mode of transmission; the next link is
, the agent itself, then the portal of entry. Reservoir-->portal of exit-> mode of
transmission--> agent--> portal of entry--> host
-Web of causation: the implication that intervention (or breaking of the web at any point
nearest to the disease ) could profoundly impact the development of that disease;
"Casual matrix"
Understand the healthcare professional's role and reportable diseases - ANSWERS-
Reportable dz: if the disease has the ability to cause death and the communicability of
the disease (plague, cholera, yellow fever, polio TB, malaria, viral influenza, etc)
-HCP's Role: community health nurses can use three sources of info when conducting
epidemiological investigation
Understand the classification of the Tuberculin Skin Test Reaction - ANSWERS- An
induration of 5 or more millimeters considered positive for HIV infected ppl, recent
contacts or person with infectious TB, ppl who have fibroic changes on a chest
radiograph, patients with organ transplant and other immunosuppressed patients
(including patients taking a prolonged course or oral or IV corticosteriods or TNF
antagonists (tumor necrosis factor)
-An induration of 10 or more millimeters considered positive for people who have come
to the US within the last 5 years from the areas of the world where TB is common (e.g
Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Russia, or Latin America), injection drug users,
mycobacterology lab workers, ppl who live or work in high risk congregate settings, ppl
with certain medical contions that place them at risk for TB (DM, Severe kidney dz,
certain types of cancer, and certain intestinal conditions), children younger than 5.
infants, children and adolescents exposed to adults in high risk categories
-An induration for 15 of more mm considered positive for people who no know risk
factors for TB
Define Prevalence and Incidence - ANSWERSIncidence is the rate of new (or newly
diagnosed) cases of the disease. It is generally reported as the number of new cases
occurring within a period of time (e.g., per month, per year).
Prevalence is the actual number of cases alive, with the disease either during a period
of time (period prevalence) or at a particular date in time (point prevalence).
Understand examples of Indirect transmissions and Vector Transmission - ANSWERS-
Indirect Transmission: occurs when the infectious agent is transported within
contaminated inanimate materials such as air, water or food (vehicle borne
transmission)
