lOMoAR c PSD| 55611077
NR283Pathophysiology-
FinalExamConceptReview
(Version1)
Pathophysiology (Chamberlain
University)
, lOMoAR c PSD| 55611077
NR 283 Final Exam Concept Review / NR283 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide (Latest):
Pathophysiology: Chamberlain
(Complete solutions and resources for the course exam)
NRA283 Pathophysiology
Final Exam Concept Review
***ForAallApreviousAcontentAcoveredAonApreviousAexams,ApleaseAconsultAyourApreviousAconceptAreviewAs
heets.AThisAisAnotAanAall-
inclusiveAlistAforAtopicsAtoAbeAcovered.APleaseAbeAsureAtoAconsultAyourAsyllabusAandAlearningAplan.AThisAi
sAaAcomprehensiveAfinal.
***Be sure to cover pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, nursing considerations, diagnos
tic tests for the following topics:
Endocrine
SIADH-
Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic HormoneATooAmuchAADH (antidiuretic hormone ) secre
tion leads to water intoxication and hyponatremia
Causes include trauma, stroke, malignancies (often in the lungs or pancreas), medications, and stress
S/S include signs of fluid volume overload, changes in level of consciousness and mental status chan
ges, weight gain, hypertension, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hyponatremia, concentrated ur
ine, decreased urine output, serum osmolality decreased
Nursing considerations include monitoring vital signs and cardiac and neurological status, providin
g a safe environment, particularly for the patient with changes in level of consciousness or mental st
atus, monitoring intake and output and weight daily; monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, monit
oring serum andAurine osmolality; restriction of fluids
DIA(Diabetes Insipidus)-
Kidney tubules fail to reabsorb water Etiology includes strok
e or trauma or may be idiopathic
S/S include excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, polydipsia, dehydration (decreased skin turgor
and dry mucous membranes), inability to concentrate urine, increased urine output, urine very dilute, L
ow urinary specific gravity, fatigue, muscle pain and weakness, headache, postural hypotension that m
ay progress to vascular collapse without rehydration, tachycardia, hypernatremia
Nursing Considerations: monitor vital signs and neurological and cardiovascular status, provide a sa
fe environment, particularly for the patient withApostural hypotension; monitor electrolyte levels and f
or signs of dehydration; maintain patientAintake of adequate fluids; monitor intake andAouput, weight,
serum osmolality and specific gravity of urine; instruct the patient to avoid foods and/or liquids that p
roduce diuresis
Hyperthyroidism-
Too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) Characterized by an increased rate of body metabolis
,
, lOMoAR c PSD| 55611077
Common cause is Graves’ disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter
S/S include: personality changes such as irritability, agitation and mood swings, nervousness and fine
tremors of the hands, heat intolerance, weight loss, smooth, soft skinAand hair, palpitations, cardiac d
ysrhythmias such as tachycardia or atrial fibrillation, diarrhea, protruding eyeballs (exophthalmos) ma
y be present, diaphoresis (sweating), hypertension, enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
Nursing Considerations: Provide adequate rest, provide aAcool andAquiet environment, provide a hi
gh-
calorie diet, obtain daily weight, avoid administrationAof stimulants, administer sedatives as prescrib
ed, administer antithyroid medications, administer blood pressure medication for tachycardia, prepar
e for thyroidectomy if prescribed
Hypothyroidism-
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) CharacterizedAby a decreased rate of body metaboli
sm
Causes: autoimmune disease, treatment for hyperthyroidism, radiationAtherapy, thyroid surgery, cert
ain medications
S/S: lethargy, fatigue, weakness, muscle aches, paresthesias, intolerance to cold, weight gain, dry s
kin and hair and loss of body hair, bradycardia, constipation, generalized puffiness and edema arou
nd the eyes and face (myxedema), forgetfulness andAloss of memory, menstrual disturbances, cardi
ac enlargement, tendency to develop heartAfailure, goiter may or may not be present
Hyperparathyroidism- Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Causes: Tumor, Hyperplasia, Genetics; secondary causes-
severe calcium or vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney failure
S/S: Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, fatigue and muscle weakness, skeletal pain and tenderne
ss, bone deformities that result in pathological fractures, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain,
weight loss, constipation, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, renal stones
NursingAConsiderations: Monitor vital signs, particularly bloodApressure; monitor for cardiac dysrhythmia
s, monitor for intake and output and for signs of renal stones, monitor skeletal pain, move the patient slow
ly and carefully; encourage fluid intake, administer furosemide (Lasix) as prescribed to lower calcium leve
ls, administer phosphates, which interfere with calcium reabsorption as prescribed, administer calcitonin as
prescribed to decrease the skeletal calcium release and increase renal excretion of calcium, monitor calciu
mAand phosphorus levels, prepare the patient for parathyroidectomy as prescribed
Hypoparathyroidism-Hyposecretion of parathyroidAhormone (PTH)
Can occur following a thyroidectomy because of removal of parathyroid tissue
S/S: Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, numbness and tingling in the face, muscle cramps and cr
amps in the abdomen or extremities, positive Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s sign, signs of overt tetany s
uch as bronchospasm, laryngospasm, carpopedal spasm, dysphagia, photophobia, cardiac dysrhythmia
s, seizures; hypotension, anxiety, irritability, depression
Nursing Considerations: Monitor vital signs, monitor for signs of hypocalcemia and tetany, initiate seizu
re precautions, place a tracheostomy set, oxygen and suctioning equipment at bedside, prepare to admini
ster calcium gluconate intravenously for hypocalcemia, provide a high-calcium, low-phosphoru
NR283Pathophysiology-
FinalExamConceptReview
(Version1)
Pathophysiology (Chamberlain
University)
, lOMoAR c PSD| 55611077
NR 283 Final Exam Concept Review / NR283 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide (Latest):
Pathophysiology: Chamberlain
(Complete solutions and resources for the course exam)
NRA283 Pathophysiology
Final Exam Concept Review
***ForAallApreviousAcontentAcoveredAonApreviousAexams,ApleaseAconsultAyourApreviousAconceptAreviewAs
heets.AThisAisAnotAanAall-
inclusiveAlistAforAtopicsAtoAbeAcovered.APleaseAbeAsureAtoAconsultAyourAsyllabusAandAlearningAplan.AThisAi
sAaAcomprehensiveAfinal.
***Be sure to cover pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, nursing considerations, diagnos
tic tests for the following topics:
Endocrine
SIADH-
Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic HormoneATooAmuchAADH (antidiuretic hormone ) secre
tion leads to water intoxication and hyponatremia
Causes include trauma, stroke, malignancies (often in the lungs or pancreas), medications, and stress
S/S include signs of fluid volume overload, changes in level of consciousness and mental status chan
ges, weight gain, hypertension, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hyponatremia, concentrated ur
ine, decreased urine output, serum osmolality decreased
Nursing considerations include monitoring vital signs and cardiac and neurological status, providin
g a safe environment, particularly for the patient with changes in level of consciousness or mental st
atus, monitoring intake and output and weight daily; monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, monit
oring serum andAurine osmolality; restriction of fluids
DIA(Diabetes Insipidus)-
Kidney tubules fail to reabsorb water Etiology includes strok
e or trauma or may be idiopathic
S/S include excretion of large amounts of dilute urine, polydipsia, dehydration (decreased skin turgor
and dry mucous membranes), inability to concentrate urine, increased urine output, urine very dilute, L
ow urinary specific gravity, fatigue, muscle pain and weakness, headache, postural hypotension that m
ay progress to vascular collapse without rehydration, tachycardia, hypernatremia
Nursing Considerations: monitor vital signs and neurological and cardiovascular status, provide a sa
fe environment, particularly for the patient withApostural hypotension; monitor electrolyte levels and f
or signs of dehydration; maintain patientAintake of adequate fluids; monitor intake andAouput, weight,
serum osmolality and specific gravity of urine; instruct the patient to avoid foods and/or liquids that p
roduce diuresis
Hyperthyroidism-
Too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) Characterized by an increased rate of body metabolis
,
, lOMoAR c PSD| 55611077
Common cause is Graves’ disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter
S/S include: personality changes such as irritability, agitation and mood swings, nervousness and fine
tremors of the hands, heat intolerance, weight loss, smooth, soft skinAand hair, palpitations, cardiac d
ysrhythmias such as tachycardia or atrial fibrillation, diarrhea, protruding eyeballs (exophthalmos) ma
y be present, diaphoresis (sweating), hypertension, enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
Nursing Considerations: Provide adequate rest, provide aAcool andAquiet environment, provide a hi
gh-
calorie diet, obtain daily weight, avoid administrationAof stimulants, administer sedatives as prescrib
ed, administer antithyroid medications, administer blood pressure medication for tachycardia, prepar
e for thyroidectomy if prescribed
Hypothyroidism-
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) CharacterizedAby a decreased rate of body metaboli
sm
Causes: autoimmune disease, treatment for hyperthyroidism, radiationAtherapy, thyroid surgery, cert
ain medications
S/S: lethargy, fatigue, weakness, muscle aches, paresthesias, intolerance to cold, weight gain, dry s
kin and hair and loss of body hair, bradycardia, constipation, generalized puffiness and edema arou
nd the eyes and face (myxedema), forgetfulness andAloss of memory, menstrual disturbances, cardi
ac enlargement, tendency to develop heartAfailure, goiter may or may not be present
Hyperparathyroidism- Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Causes: Tumor, Hyperplasia, Genetics; secondary causes-
severe calcium or vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney failure
S/S: Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, fatigue and muscle weakness, skeletal pain and tenderne
ss, bone deformities that result in pathological fractures, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain,
weight loss, constipation, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, renal stones
NursingAConsiderations: Monitor vital signs, particularly bloodApressure; monitor for cardiac dysrhythmia
s, monitor for intake and output and for signs of renal stones, monitor skeletal pain, move the patient slow
ly and carefully; encourage fluid intake, administer furosemide (Lasix) as prescribed to lower calcium leve
ls, administer phosphates, which interfere with calcium reabsorption as prescribed, administer calcitonin as
prescribed to decrease the skeletal calcium release and increase renal excretion of calcium, monitor calciu
mAand phosphorus levels, prepare the patient for parathyroidectomy as prescribed
Hypoparathyroidism-Hyposecretion of parathyroidAhormone (PTH)
Can occur following a thyroidectomy because of removal of parathyroid tissue
S/S: Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, numbness and tingling in the face, muscle cramps and cr
amps in the abdomen or extremities, positive Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s sign, signs of overt tetany s
uch as bronchospasm, laryngospasm, carpopedal spasm, dysphagia, photophobia, cardiac dysrhythmia
s, seizures; hypotension, anxiety, irritability, depression
Nursing Considerations: Monitor vital signs, monitor for signs of hypocalcemia and tetany, initiate seizu
re precautions, place a tracheostomy set, oxygen and suctioning equipment at bedside, prepare to admini
ster calcium gluconate intravenously for hypocalcemia, provide a high-calcium, low-phosphoru
