BBH 440 Final Exam Questions And Correct Answers

BBH 440 Final Exam Questions And Correct Answers The primary focus of clinical epidemiology is on - ANSWER -3. Patients two primary goals of clinical epidemiology - ANSWER -Provide knowledge for improving clinical decision making and evidence- based medicine Identify health consequences of employing a test or administering a treatment Medical screening is used to: - ANSWER -Detect disease in an individual before clinical symptoms are manifested two main goals of screening in epidemiology - ANSWER -Reduce morbidity and mortality Minimize spread for infectious disease concerning screening in epidemiology - ANSWER -1. Selective screening is more likely to result in a higher yield of positive tests than mass screening 2. A test that always give the same incorrect result has high reliability but poor validity 3. The validity of a screening test is evaluated by determining its specificity and sensitivity 4. Screening is often only the first step in diagnosis nine examples of common screening tests - ANSWER -Papanicolaou test Mammogram Fecal occult blood test Prostate-specific antigen test Blood pressure Serum cholesterol levels Urinalysis Eye exam Tuberculin skin test selective screening - ANSWER -The application of screening tests to high-risk groups in a population The effectiveness of a screening test depends on its: - ANSWER Validity and reliability The ability of a test to correctly identify those without a disease is_________ and the ability of a test to correctly identify those with a disease is__________ - ANSWER -Specificity/Sensitivity Consider the results of two different screening tests for some disease: Test A has a sensitivity value of 60% and specificity is 95%. Test B has a sensitivity value of 75% and specificity is 90%. Which test generates the greatest proportion of FPs? - ANSWER -Test B The amount of screening a test can accomplish in a given period of time is the: - ANSWER -Yield three factors that influence the predictive value - ANSWER -Sensitivity Specificity Prevalence of disease in population In Population A, a disease is highly prevalent but in Population B, the disease has a very low prevalence value. What is true of a screening test in Population A compared to B? - ANSWER -Sensitivity unaffected/Greater PV+ three factors that could influence prior probability - ANSWER -Age Gender Ethnicity predictive value positive (PV+). - ANSWER -The probability that an individual with a positive test actually has the disease concerning LR- - ANSWER -a. Reflects level of confidence that a person who obtains a negative result truly does not have a health problem c. Represents the ratio of FN to TN d. Possible values range from 0.0 to 1.0 When the base rate for some disease in a population is 10%, what is the preferred measure for evaluating a screening test? - ANSWER Loglikelihood ratio concerning a ROC - ANSWER -a. Constructed by plotting sensitivity on the y-axis and 1-specificity on the x-axis b. Used for screening test outcomes that represent continuous variables c. Goal is to find cutoff value that maximizes both sensitivity and specificity d. Cutoff values represent the point at which the test is considered positive or negative two possible focal points for a prognosis - ANSWER -Forecasting outcome of disease Treatment and cure How has the emphasis on focal points changed along with the changing emphasis in epidemiology? - ANSWER -Emphasis has shifted on forecasting outcome to evaluating effectiveness of treatment or potential for cure prognostic indicator - ANSWER -Any factor that helps forecast the likely outcome of a disease or the effectiveness of treatment