WGU D116 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT ACTUAL EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS

NR 565 - Advanced pharmacology Exam updated 2026 questions with verified Answers The science of pharmaceutical systems/ preparations - ANSWER Pharmaceutics What the body does to drugs - ANSWER Pharmacokinetics What the drugs do to the body - ANSWER Pharmacodynamics Treatment of disease with drugs - ANSWER Pharmacotherapy Study of drugs, their sources, actions, chemistry and uses - ANSWER Pharmacology Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Therapeutic drug monitoring - ANSWER Basic pharmacokinetics (LADMET) The minimum concentration - ANSWER C-min The maximum concentration - ANSWER C-max The time to maximum concentration - ANSWER T-max Half-life - ANSWER T-1/2 Area Under drug Vs. Time Curve (Total exposure to drug) - ANSWER AUC Volume of distribution - ANSWER Vd Fraction of drug absorbed into system - ANSWER F Elimination rate constant (eg. hr -1) - ANSWER k Clearance (eg. volume/time) - ANSWER CL Estimated Creatinine Clearance (approximates GFR) - ANSWER Cr-CL-est Serum creatinine - ANSWER S-cr Steady State Concentration - ANSWER C-ss Name brand vs. generic/ 2 different drugs have the same form and concentration Within -20 to 25% - ANSWER Bioequivalence -Applies to most drugs -Takes the same amount of time to wear off, regardless of amount -Dose INDEPENDENT - ANSWER First order kinetics -Dose DEPENDENT kinetics Funnel example/Time it takes to wear off depends on amount taken (Ex: ETOH) - ANSWER Zero-order kinetics -Absorption/Elimination are equal (Reaches a plateau) -Dependent on elimination half-life (Does not depend on loading doses or interval) - ANSWER Steady State Depends on: -Rate: T-max -Extent: C-max/AUC -Bioavailability: Amt. of drug that reaches circulation (First-pass effect) (Route of admin.) - ANSWER Absorption Via passive processes -Determined by: -Surface area (small intestine is where most absorption takes place -Contact time (diarrhea, peristalsis, gastric emptying) -Concentration gradient -GI fluid pH - ANSWER GI Absorption -Transport of a drug to its site of action/elimination -Storage of a drug in the body -Varies among individuals -Vd= amt. of drug in the body - ANSWER Distribution -Blood flow -Special membrane barriers (blood/brain/milk) -Plasma protein binding (bound/unbound drugs) -Storage tissues (hydrophilic/lipophilic drugs) - ANSWER Distribution determinants Age: (elderly= decrease in muscle mass/increased fat mass) Gender: Women have decreased muscle & increased fat Disease: Illness decreases albumin Nutrition: Low albumin - ANSWER Distribution: Alterations in Vd -Increases elimination from the body -Lipophilic drugs are more hydrophilic -Nonpolar drugs = increased polarity - ANSWER Metabolism Renal -CrCl: GFR - ANSWER Most important form of elimination from the body Trough: Because there's less fluctuation in drug levels vs. elimination curve of peak - ANSWER Preferred time to check levels of oral meds and why Body increases # of receptors in response to medication's blocking them (ex: beta blockers) -May cause increase in symptoms if stopped suddenly (HTN, heartburn) - ANSWER Up-regulation Body decreases # of receptors in response to medication -May result in tolerance - ANSWER Down-regulation Illegal drugs: Heroin, PCP, etc. -Cannot prescribe - ANSWER Schedule 1 Drugs Morphine, Cocaine, Ritalin -Need written script every time/No call ins/No refills - ANSWER Schedule 2 Drugs Tylenol 3, Anabolic steroids -May have paper or phone script -May refill up to 5 times - ANSWER Schedule 3 Drugs Benzodiazepines - ANSWER Schedule 4 Drugs Codeine cough syrups - ANSWER Schedule 5 Drugs Studies on women show remote risk to fetus - ANSWER FDA Category A Either animal studies show no risk/No human study done OR animal study finds risk but human study doesn't - ANSWER FDA Category B Animal study finds risk but no human study done OR No human/animal studies done - ANSWER FDA Category C There is proof of risk to fetus but benefit outweighs the risk - ANSWER FDA Category D There is proof of risk to fetus and benefit does NOT outweigh risk - ANSWER FDA Category Fine for trimesters 1 & 2/ Avoid during 3rd trimester - ANSWER Macrodantin & Pregnancy Fine for trimesters 1 & 2/ Avoid during 3rd trimester - ANSWER Bactrim & Pregnancy Fine for all trimesters - ANSWER Cephalosporins & Pregnancy May only practice under the supervision of an MD - ANSWER Dependent Authority May practice without the supervision of an MD - ANSWER Independent Authority Headache, Cough & Cold - ANSWER Top selling OTC meds Under-utilization: Not taking enough of a med Over-utilization: Taking too much of a med - ANSWER 2 Types of Medication Non-Compliance 1. Preventative vs. Symptomatic Treatment 2. Duration of therapy 3. Therapy requires behavior change 4. Poor/confusing/complex therapy instructions 5. Therapy causes adverse side-effects - ANSWER Risk Factors for Medication Non-compliance DEA - ANSWER Who monitors controlled substance prescription writing for NP? No more than 7 day supply - ANSWER How much medication should you prescribe a patient with suicidal ideation? 1. Ask for a medication by name 2. Carry their medical records around with them 3. Request frequent refills 4. See multiple providers - ANSWER Characteristics of drug-seeking patients 1. Patient's Situation 2. Patient's Desires/Values 3. Provider's Values 4. Provider's Experience 5. Research/ EBP - ANSWER 5 Factors that Determine a Medical Decision Immunosuppressed - ANSWER Avoid immunizations in the following populations: Polio, MMR, Varicella, Flu (1st trimester only), Pneumococcal, Yellow Fever, Typhoid, Smallpox - ANSWER Vaccinations to avoid in pregnancy