BPK 241 UPDATED END OF COURSE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Movements involving the vertebral bodies. - ✔✔Flexion/Extension:
Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar
Lateral Flexion:
Cervical, Thoracic(minimal), and lumbar
Rotational:
Cervical and Thoracic
✔✔Actions of the transversospinalis muscles: - ✔✔unilateral:
Lateral Flexion
if it contracts on the right, head and neck turns left
Bilateral:
Extension of the spine
✔✔In what direction do the muscle fibers run? - ✔✔Superiorly and medially
✔✔True or False
if we pull the spinous process to the right, the vertebral body will rotate to the left -
✔✔True
✔✔Where does the sciatic nerve originates and ends? - ✔✔L4 ---> S3
✔✔What are the causes, effects, and neurological symptoms of spine injuries? -
✔✔Causes:
Congenital predispositions
Acute or repeated trauma
Poor posture
Obesity
Effects:
Pain
Tenderness
Spasm
Restricted R.O.M
Neurological Symptoms:
Radiating Pain
Weakness
Numbness
,✔✔General consideration, symptoms, neurological symptoms, and treatment of a spine
Strain/Sprain - ✔✔General considerations:
Due to lifting/twisting
reoccurrence is common
Symptoms:
Pain/Tenderness
Muscle spasm
Restricted R.O.M
Neurological Symptoms:
if any neurological symptoms are present, assume fracture, dislocation or disc injury.
Treatment:
Stabilize and transport to hospital
supine rest no more than 2 days
Cold therapy at first then Heat therapy after
Correct predisposing factors
Gradual return to sport
✔✔what happens during a Lumbar Disc Herniation and what are the 4 stages? -
✔✔The nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosis; most often occurring at
L4L5 and L5S1 levels.
Protrusion
Prolapsed
Extrusion
Sequestered
✔✔Who's most vulnerable to Lumbar Disc Herniation and why? - ✔✔Individuals
between the age of 30 to 50 due to the fact that the elasticity and water content of the
nucleus pulposus decreases with age.
✔✔Lumbar Disk herniation stages: - ✔✔Disc Protrusion:
Cracks in the annulus fibrosis begin to appear
Prolapsed Disc:
Nucleus pulposus completely moves through the annulus fibrosis.
Extruded Disc:
The nucleus pulposus moves into the spinal canal and comes in contact with a nerve
root.
Sequestered Disc:
,Portion of the nucleus pulposus separates from disc and begins to migrate toward the
spinal canal.
✔✔How does an intervertebral disc disease happen, its symptoms, and treatment? -
✔✔How does it happen?
Lifting/twisting
Nucleus pulposus can herniate and press on nearby nerves or the spinal cord.
Symptoms:
Pain/nerve related Pain
stiffness
Can lead to Osteoarthritis in the spine
Treatment:
conservative (non-surgical) options
Surgery as a last resort if other treatments fail
✔✔what are osteophytes and stenosis? - ✔✔Osteophytes:
Extra bony growth that forms around joints or the spine
Happens when cartilage wears down (like in osteoarthritis)
Stenosis:
Abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal
✔✔History, symptoms, and treatment of Brachial Plexus Neuropraxia - ✔✔History:
Stretching or compression of the Brachial Plexus
Neck is forced Laterally
Symptoms:
Pain/numbness into fingers
Burning, numbness, and tingling from shoulder to hand
Lasts for several minutes
Athletes may return to sport only if symptoms resolve
Treatment:
Rest
if symptoms are not resolving within several minutes, then send to hospital
✔✔History, symptoms and treatment for a Spine Fracture - ✔✔History:
Due to Axial Load
Most common in 4th, 5th, 6th cervical vertebrae
Symptoms:
Decreased R.O.M
Pain in neck, chest and extremities
Numbness/weakness in trunk/limps
, Treatment:
Stabilize
C-spine collar
if unconscious, assume C-spine injury
✔✔How do you manage back injuries? - ✔✔Balance is key:
Don't demand more than your back's functional capacity can handle
Expectations with realistic goals
Treatments:
Enough time for rest/healing
Cold, heat, and NSAID
Rehab
Correct predisposing factors
May need to change job or sport
✔✔what is goal of McGill's Big 3 and what is it? - ✔✔Goal is to build endurance in
spinal stabilizers
Bird Dog
Trunk Raise
Side Plank
10 sec activity, 2 sec rest
Descending pyramid of repetition (8-6-4)
✔✔what is the anatomy of the Thorax? - ✔✔Neck
Diaphragm
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum, Ribs
Muscles
✔✔How many thoracic vertebrae are there? and what is their classifications and
attachments? - ✔✔12 thoracic vertebrae
1-7(true ribs): Attached to sternum by individual cartilage
8,9,10(False ribs): Share one attachment
11,12(floating ribs): Do not attach to the Sternum
✔✔What does the Sternum consist of? - ✔✔Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process
✔✔Muscles in the thorax are.. - ✔✔Diaphragm
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Movements involving the vertebral bodies. - ✔✔Flexion/Extension:
Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar
Lateral Flexion:
Cervical, Thoracic(minimal), and lumbar
Rotational:
Cervical and Thoracic
✔✔Actions of the transversospinalis muscles: - ✔✔unilateral:
Lateral Flexion
if it contracts on the right, head and neck turns left
Bilateral:
Extension of the spine
✔✔In what direction do the muscle fibers run? - ✔✔Superiorly and medially
✔✔True or False
if we pull the spinous process to the right, the vertebral body will rotate to the left -
✔✔True
✔✔Where does the sciatic nerve originates and ends? - ✔✔L4 ---> S3
✔✔What are the causes, effects, and neurological symptoms of spine injuries? -
✔✔Causes:
Congenital predispositions
Acute or repeated trauma
Poor posture
Obesity
Effects:
Pain
Tenderness
Spasm
Restricted R.O.M
Neurological Symptoms:
Radiating Pain
Weakness
Numbness
,✔✔General consideration, symptoms, neurological symptoms, and treatment of a spine
Strain/Sprain - ✔✔General considerations:
Due to lifting/twisting
reoccurrence is common
Symptoms:
Pain/Tenderness
Muscle spasm
Restricted R.O.M
Neurological Symptoms:
if any neurological symptoms are present, assume fracture, dislocation or disc injury.
Treatment:
Stabilize and transport to hospital
supine rest no more than 2 days
Cold therapy at first then Heat therapy after
Correct predisposing factors
Gradual return to sport
✔✔what happens during a Lumbar Disc Herniation and what are the 4 stages? -
✔✔The nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosis; most often occurring at
L4L5 and L5S1 levels.
Protrusion
Prolapsed
Extrusion
Sequestered
✔✔Who's most vulnerable to Lumbar Disc Herniation and why? - ✔✔Individuals
between the age of 30 to 50 due to the fact that the elasticity and water content of the
nucleus pulposus decreases with age.
✔✔Lumbar Disk herniation stages: - ✔✔Disc Protrusion:
Cracks in the annulus fibrosis begin to appear
Prolapsed Disc:
Nucleus pulposus completely moves through the annulus fibrosis.
Extruded Disc:
The nucleus pulposus moves into the spinal canal and comes in contact with a nerve
root.
Sequestered Disc:
,Portion of the nucleus pulposus separates from disc and begins to migrate toward the
spinal canal.
✔✔How does an intervertebral disc disease happen, its symptoms, and treatment? -
✔✔How does it happen?
Lifting/twisting
Nucleus pulposus can herniate and press on nearby nerves or the spinal cord.
Symptoms:
Pain/nerve related Pain
stiffness
Can lead to Osteoarthritis in the spine
Treatment:
conservative (non-surgical) options
Surgery as a last resort if other treatments fail
✔✔what are osteophytes and stenosis? - ✔✔Osteophytes:
Extra bony growth that forms around joints or the spine
Happens when cartilage wears down (like in osteoarthritis)
Stenosis:
Abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal
✔✔History, symptoms, and treatment of Brachial Plexus Neuropraxia - ✔✔History:
Stretching or compression of the Brachial Plexus
Neck is forced Laterally
Symptoms:
Pain/numbness into fingers
Burning, numbness, and tingling from shoulder to hand
Lasts for several minutes
Athletes may return to sport only if symptoms resolve
Treatment:
Rest
if symptoms are not resolving within several minutes, then send to hospital
✔✔History, symptoms and treatment for a Spine Fracture - ✔✔History:
Due to Axial Load
Most common in 4th, 5th, 6th cervical vertebrae
Symptoms:
Decreased R.O.M
Pain in neck, chest and extremities
Numbness/weakness in trunk/limps
, Treatment:
Stabilize
C-spine collar
if unconscious, assume C-spine injury
✔✔How do you manage back injuries? - ✔✔Balance is key:
Don't demand more than your back's functional capacity can handle
Expectations with realistic goals
Treatments:
Enough time for rest/healing
Cold, heat, and NSAID
Rehab
Correct predisposing factors
May need to change job or sport
✔✔what is goal of McGill's Big 3 and what is it? - ✔✔Goal is to build endurance in
spinal stabilizers
Bird Dog
Trunk Raise
Side Plank
10 sec activity, 2 sec rest
Descending pyramid of repetition (8-6-4)
✔✔what is the anatomy of the Thorax? - ✔✔Neck
Diaphragm
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum, Ribs
Muscles
✔✔How many thoracic vertebrae are there? and what is their classifications and
attachments? - ✔✔12 thoracic vertebrae
1-7(true ribs): Attached to sternum by individual cartilage
8,9,10(False ribs): Share one attachment
11,12(floating ribs): Do not attach to the Sternum
✔✔What does the Sternum consist of? - ✔✔Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process
✔✔Muscles in the thorax are.. - ✔✔Diaphragm
