PSYC 140 UPDATED TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Sociofunctional approach to prejudice - ✔✔the consequences of prejudice vary
depending on reactions to the group
-emotional reactions to certain groups predict specific prejudice and discrimination
behaviors
Anger->aggression
Fear->escape
Guilt->reconciliation
✔✔Self-fulfilling prophecies
Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974): Interview Study
White P's behavior when Black applicant (RA) - ✔✔sat further away, ended interview
sooner, more speech errors by interviewer (uncomfortable)
✔✔Self-fulfilling prophecies
Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974): Interview Study
Findings when RA's conduct interview White style Black style - ✔✔applicants perform
objectively worse when "Black" interview style
✔✔Stereotype threat - ✔✔a disruptive concern when facing a negative stereotype, that
one will verify the negative stereotype
✔✔Stereotype threat:
Spencer & Steele (1995) - Women and math tests - ✔✔when reminded of stereotype ->
do worse than men
when not reminded -> perform the same
✔✔Stereotype threat:
Findings from study with Asian women - ✔✔perform worse when reminded that they are
women than control group
perform better than control when reminded that they are asian
✔✔How do we reduce prejudice?
Contact hypothesis - ✔✔contact between members of different groups leads to more
positive intergroup attitudes
✔✔How do we reduce prejudice?
Equal status - ✔✔contact must be with people of equal status; best if friendships form
✔✔How do we reduce prejudice?
Cooperation - ✔✔sometimes more than contact is required
-superordinate goals - shared goals that require cooperative effort
, -shared threats
-Sherif's Robbers Cave Study (1961)
✔✔Aggression - ✔✔any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone or
something
-distinct form assertiveness
✔✔Types of aggression:
Hostile - ✔✔aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
-goal is to injure or inflict pain
✔✔Types of aggression:
Instrumental - ✔✔aggression that is a means to achieve another goal
(e.g. spanking children for misbehaving, running into the street, acts of war, hitmen, P's
in Milgram's studies)
-goal is not necessarily to cause pain
✔✔Situational causes of aggression - ✔✔certain people may be aggression prone
(genes, personality), but circumstances trigger aggression
-heat
-social rejection
-media and video game violence
✔✔Situational causes of aggression:
Heat - ✔✔More violence in hotter places, during hotter months, on hotter days (Two-
factor theory)
✔✔Situational causes of aggression:
Social rejection - ✔✔consistent with Sociometer theory
-rejection is literally painful
-aggression towards person that is rejecting you from group (e.g. gorillas)
✔✔Media Violence:
Correlation research shows - ✔✔-violence is on TV
-violent children watch violent TV
-children who watch violent TV grow up to be violent adults
✔✔Media Violence:
Experimental studies show - ✔✔watching violence does have an affect on behavior,
however the effect is small and short lived
✔✔Why might watching violence lead to violence? - ✔✔-increases arousal in viewers
-provides a cue to violence
-leads to imitation (social learning)
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Sociofunctional approach to prejudice - ✔✔the consequences of prejudice vary
depending on reactions to the group
-emotional reactions to certain groups predict specific prejudice and discrimination
behaviors
Anger->aggression
Fear->escape
Guilt->reconciliation
✔✔Self-fulfilling prophecies
Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974): Interview Study
White P's behavior when Black applicant (RA) - ✔✔sat further away, ended interview
sooner, more speech errors by interviewer (uncomfortable)
✔✔Self-fulfilling prophecies
Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974): Interview Study
Findings when RA's conduct interview White style Black style - ✔✔applicants perform
objectively worse when "Black" interview style
✔✔Stereotype threat - ✔✔a disruptive concern when facing a negative stereotype, that
one will verify the negative stereotype
✔✔Stereotype threat:
Spencer & Steele (1995) - Women and math tests - ✔✔when reminded of stereotype ->
do worse than men
when not reminded -> perform the same
✔✔Stereotype threat:
Findings from study with Asian women - ✔✔perform worse when reminded that they are
women than control group
perform better than control when reminded that they are asian
✔✔How do we reduce prejudice?
Contact hypothesis - ✔✔contact between members of different groups leads to more
positive intergroup attitudes
✔✔How do we reduce prejudice?
Equal status - ✔✔contact must be with people of equal status; best if friendships form
✔✔How do we reduce prejudice?
Cooperation - ✔✔sometimes more than contact is required
-superordinate goals - shared goals that require cooperative effort
, -shared threats
-Sherif's Robbers Cave Study (1961)
✔✔Aggression - ✔✔any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone or
something
-distinct form assertiveness
✔✔Types of aggression:
Hostile - ✔✔aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
-goal is to injure or inflict pain
✔✔Types of aggression:
Instrumental - ✔✔aggression that is a means to achieve another goal
(e.g. spanking children for misbehaving, running into the street, acts of war, hitmen, P's
in Milgram's studies)
-goal is not necessarily to cause pain
✔✔Situational causes of aggression - ✔✔certain people may be aggression prone
(genes, personality), but circumstances trigger aggression
-heat
-social rejection
-media and video game violence
✔✔Situational causes of aggression:
Heat - ✔✔More violence in hotter places, during hotter months, on hotter days (Two-
factor theory)
✔✔Situational causes of aggression:
Social rejection - ✔✔consistent with Sociometer theory
-rejection is literally painful
-aggression towards person that is rejecting you from group (e.g. gorillas)
✔✔Media Violence:
Correlation research shows - ✔✔-violence is on TV
-violent children watch violent TV
-children who watch violent TV grow up to be violent adults
✔✔Media Violence:
Experimental studies show - ✔✔watching violence does have an affect on behavior,
however the effect is small and short lived
✔✔Why might watching violence lead to violence? - ✔✔-increases arousal in viewers
-provides a cue to violence
-leads to imitation (social learning)
