NUR 612 UPDATED FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔prophase - ✔✔1st step of mitosis; nucleus disappears, DNA is packaged into
chromosomes
✔✔metaphase - ✔✔centrosomes form at the two poles of the cell; microtubules
emanate from these and attach to the middle of each chromosome; chromosomes are
aligned in the middle of the cells
✔✔anaphase - ✔✔sister chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the
microtubules
✔✔telophase - ✔✔nuclear membranes form around the two new nuclei
✔✔cytokinesis - ✔✔division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
✔✔Energy yield of glycolysis - ✔✔2 NADH and 2 ATP
✔✔autocrine signaling - ✔✔cells respond to signaling substances that they themselves
secrete
✔✔paracrine signaling - ✔✔acts on nearby cells
✔✔endocrine signaling - ✔✔relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells
throughout the body
✔✔synaptic signaling - ✔✔occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters are
released from neurons to act only on neighboring cells at synapses
✔✔diffusion - ✔✔Process by which substances such as ions move down a
concentration gradient from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower
concentration
✔✔osmosis - ✔✔the diffusion of only water molecules through a membrane down the
concentration gradient for water from where water is more concentrated (fewer solutes)
to where water is less concentrated (more solutes)
✔✔active transport - ✔✔the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane
into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy e.g.
Na+/K+-ATPase pump
✔✔Hormonal actions: Endocrine - ✔✔Released to circulation to act on a target organ
, ✔✔Hormonal action: paracrine - ✔✔Act locally on cells in the vicinity of where they are
released
✔✔Hormonal action: autocrine - ✔✔Produce a biological action on the cell that released
them
✔✔Hormonal action: intracrine - ✔✔Action is within the cell that produced it
✔✔Hormonal action: neuroendocrine - ✔✔Produced within a neuron then travels
through circulation to exert effects on target cells
✔✔Hormones of the Hypothalamus - ✔✔GHRH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, Somatostatin,
dopamine
✔✔Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary - ✔✔GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin
✔✔Hormones of Posterior Pituitary - ✔✔ADH and oxytocin
✔✔Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex - ✔✔mineralcorticoids (aldosterone),
glucocorticoids (cortisol), adrenal androgens (DHEA and androstenedione)
✔✔Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla - ✔✔epinephrine and norepinephrine
✔✔Hormones of Thyroid - ✔✔triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), calcitonin
✔✔Hormones of Parathyroid - ✔✔parathyroid hormone
✔✔Hormones of pancreatic islet cells - ✔✔Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
✔✔Hormones of the Kidney - ✔✔erythropoietin
✔✔Hormones of the Ovaries - ✔✔estrogen and progesterone
✔✔Hormones of testes - ✔✔androgens (i.e. testosterone)
✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔
✔✔Rough ER - ✔✔That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
✔✔Smooth ER - ✔✔
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔prophase - ✔✔1st step of mitosis; nucleus disappears, DNA is packaged into
chromosomes
✔✔metaphase - ✔✔centrosomes form at the two poles of the cell; microtubules
emanate from these and attach to the middle of each chromosome; chromosomes are
aligned in the middle of the cells
✔✔anaphase - ✔✔sister chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the
microtubules
✔✔telophase - ✔✔nuclear membranes form around the two new nuclei
✔✔cytokinesis - ✔✔division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
✔✔Energy yield of glycolysis - ✔✔2 NADH and 2 ATP
✔✔autocrine signaling - ✔✔cells respond to signaling substances that they themselves
secrete
✔✔paracrine signaling - ✔✔acts on nearby cells
✔✔endocrine signaling - ✔✔relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells
throughout the body
✔✔synaptic signaling - ✔✔occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters are
released from neurons to act only on neighboring cells at synapses
✔✔diffusion - ✔✔Process by which substances such as ions move down a
concentration gradient from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower
concentration
✔✔osmosis - ✔✔the diffusion of only water molecules through a membrane down the
concentration gradient for water from where water is more concentrated (fewer solutes)
to where water is less concentrated (more solutes)
✔✔active transport - ✔✔the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane
into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy e.g.
Na+/K+-ATPase pump
✔✔Hormonal actions: Endocrine - ✔✔Released to circulation to act on a target organ
, ✔✔Hormonal action: paracrine - ✔✔Act locally on cells in the vicinity of where they are
released
✔✔Hormonal action: autocrine - ✔✔Produce a biological action on the cell that released
them
✔✔Hormonal action: intracrine - ✔✔Action is within the cell that produced it
✔✔Hormonal action: neuroendocrine - ✔✔Produced within a neuron then travels
through circulation to exert effects on target cells
✔✔Hormones of the Hypothalamus - ✔✔GHRH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, Somatostatin,
dopamine
✔✔Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary - ✔✔GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin
✔✔Hormones of Posterior Pituitary - ✔✔ADH and oxytocin
✔✔Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex - ✔✔mineralcorticoids (aldosterone),
glucocorticoids (cortisol), adrenal androgens (DHEA and androstenedione)
✔✔Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla - ✔✔epinephrine and norepinephrine
✔✔Hormones of Thyroid - ✔✔triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), calcitonin
✔✔Hormones of Parathyroid - ✔✔parathyroid hormone
✔✔Hormones of pancreatic islet cells - ✔✔Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
✔✔Hormones of the Kidney - ✔✔erythropoietin
✔✔Hormones of the Ovaries - ✔✔estrogen and progesterone
✔✔Hormones of testes - ✔✔androgens (i.e. testosterone)
✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔
✔✔Rough ER - ✔✔That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
✔✔Smooth ER - ✔✔
