BIOD 101 UPDATED EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Glycogen - ✔✔Carbohydrate; the form in which animals and humans store glucose
✔✔Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Insulin - ✔✔Protein; a hormone
✔✔Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - ✔✔Because they are
"structurally sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.
✔✔Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. Tertiary structure:
d. Quaternary structure: - ✔✔a. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear
chain forms (alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth;
strong and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen
bonds. It's possible that one chain can have both patterns
c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions and
hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own
primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this
structure**
✔✔The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? -
✔✔Nitrogen
✔✔What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - ✔✔being insoluble in water
due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons
✔✔What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - ✔✔Most
biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in
the functional group
✔✔Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Proteins - ✔✔Amino Acids
, ✔✔Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Lipids - ✔✔fatty acids and glycerol
✔✔Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Nucleic Acid - ✔✔nucleotides
✔✔Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
polysaccharides - ✔✔monosaccharides
✔✔a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference
between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - ✔✔a. CHO
b. 2:1
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not
functional groups.
✔✔What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - ✔✔HDL (good; takes potentially dangerous
build up to liver), LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad"; clogs and
carries triglycerides)
✔✔Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ✔✔1. Prokaryotic
cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in
size (about 1/30,000 of an inch)
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic
means "before the nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic
cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic
cells
✔✔What are the components of the cell membrane? - ✔✔Phospholipid bi-layer with
proteins and phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well.
✔✔What kind of proteins can be found within the phospholipid bi-layer? - ✔✔Integral,
Peripheral, and glycoproteins.
✔✔What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the
cell membrane? What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? -
✔✔The membrane is selectively permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for passive
GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Glycogen - ✔✔Carbohydrate; the form in which animals and humans store glucose
✔✔Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid.
Then explain the use of each.
Insulin - ✔✔Protein; a hormone
✔✔Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - ✔✔Because they are
"structurally sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.
✔✔Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. Tertiary structure:
d. Quaternary structure: - ✔✔a. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear
chain forms (alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth;
strong and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen
bonds. It's possible that one chain can have both patterns
c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions and
hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own
primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this
structure**
✔✔The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? -
✔✔Nitrogen
✔✔What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - ✔✔being insoluble in water
due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons
✔✔What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - ✔✔Most
biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in
the functional group
✔✔Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Proteins - ✔✔Amino Acids
, ✔✔Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Lipids - ✔✔fatty acids and glycerol
✔✔Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Nucleic Acid - ✔✔nucleotides
✔✔Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
polysaccharides - ✔✔monosaccharides
✔✔a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference
between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - ✔✔a. CHO
b. 2:1
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not
functional groups.
✔✔What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - ✔✔HDL (good; takes potentially dangerous
build up to liver), LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad"; clogs and
carries triglycerides)
✔✔Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ✔✔1. Prokaryotic
cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in
size (about 1/30,000 of an inch)
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic
means "before the nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic
cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic
cells
✔✔What are the components of the cell membrane? - ✔✔Phospholipid bi-layer with
proteins and phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well.
✔✔What kind of proteins can be found within the phospholipid bi-layer? - ✔✔Integral,
Peripheral, and glycoproteins.
✔✔What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the
cell membrane? What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? -
✔✔The membrane is selectively permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for passive
