NSG 3111 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
WHO recommendations for breastfeeding - Answers Exclusively for 6 months
Continued for 2 years with supplementation/food
How can you be inclusive to trans women (IRT breastfeeding) - Answers Ask about terms used
May want to use "chest feeding"
Risks of not breastfeeding for infant - Answers Increased risk for:
- diarrhea
- ear infections
- chest infections
- GI infection
- asthma
- obesity
- diabetes
- SIDS
Risks of not breastfeeding for mother - Answers Increased risk for:
- postpartum hemorrhage
- ovarian cancer
- breast cancer
- osteoporosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- stress and anxiety
- maternal diabetes
Benefits for breastfeeding - Answers Milk will change with baby's needs
Gives immunity to baby
Nutrients easily absorbed
Increases bonding
Environmental benefits
Free, convenient
Hazards of bottle/formula feeding - Answers Pathogen contamination
Manufacturing errors and warehouse contamination
Adulteration of formula
Phytoestrogens in soy milk
BPA in feeding bottles
When is breastfeeding contraindicated? - Answers When mother is having chemotherapy or radiation
Newborns with galactosemia
Mothers with HTLV
Mothers with active TB
Mothers with active herpes simplex virus on breast
Mothers with HIV (in N.A. - still breastfeed in developing countries)
When is breastfeeding not contraindicated - Answers When mother has Hep C
When mother has positive HBsAg
When mother has fever
When mother is CMV positive
Lactogenesis pathophysiology - Answers Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels trigger release
of prolactin from anterior pituitary
Prolactin prepares breast to secrete milk
Oxytocin stimulates let down reflex
Prolactin produced in response to infant suckling
Supply meets demand system
What does infant suckling trigger? - Answers Hypothalamus to trigger anterior pituitary to produce
prolactin which increases milk production
Hypothalamus to trigger posterior pituitary to produce oxytocin which is responsible for the let down
reflex
Tyoes of human milk - Answers Colostrum: 1-4 days pp; rich in antibodies
Transition milk: 3-5 days pp; milk of colostrum and mature milk
Mature milk: 2 weeks pp
, Foremilk: obtained at beginning of feed; high water content
Hind milk: released after 20 minutes of breastfeeding; high in fat and energy content
Stages of Breast Milk Production (Lactogenesis) - Answers Stage 1: begins 16-18 weeks of gestation
Stage 2: begins with delivery of placenta
Stage 3: mature milk is established (10-14 days pp)
Nutrients in breast milk - Answers Carbs
Fat (40-50% of calories) - important for neurological development and visual function
Protein
Vitamin D - not in human milk, need to supplement
Vitamin K - required for blood coagulation
Vitamin B12 - can be impacted if mom is vegan
Iron - easy to absorb in breast milk
How often should you breastfeed? - Answers Every 2-3 hours
10-12 feedings in 24 hours
How long should you breastfeed for? - Answers 20+ minutes per side to access hind milk
LATCH model - Answers L - latch characteristics (flared lips, chin to breast)
A - audible swallowing
T - type of nipple (everted/flat/inverted)
C - comfort (of mother during feed)
H - holding skills
What % is a normal weight loss in infants? - Answers BPG states 7%
Storing expressed breast milk - Answers 6-8 hours at room temperature
5 days in fridge
2 weeks in freezer
12 months in deep freezer
Treatment for sore nipples - Answers Repositioning
Achieving better latch
Lanolin ointments
Expressing colostrum in nipples and allowing to air dry
What is engorgement of the breasts? - Answers Overly full and congested breasts
Can be painful
Treat by placing warm cloths before feeds, cold compress between feeds, cabbage leafs, frequent
feeds, good latch, analgesics
Mastitis - Answers Infection of the breast
Accompanied with fevered pain, redness
Mastitis treatment - Answers Continue nursing and pump as needed
Antibiotics
Analagesics
Bed rest
Issues with feeding late preterm babies - Answers Have low fat stores, high energy demands
Tend to be sleepy - will only wake for short periods
Can have a weak suck
Supplement with EBM
Formula (Mix types) - Answers powdered: least expensive; 1 scoop/2 oz of water; water needs to be
more than 70 degrees F
concentrated: equal parts formula to water
ready to use: most expensive
Reaction to being a high risk pregnancy depends on... - Answers nature of the risk
perception of danger
nature of the treatment
state at which the pregnancy is identified as high risk
personality structure and defences of the woman
Nursing interventions to help family cope with high-risk pregnancy - Answers check understanding
isolate gaps in knowledge
listen
never assume until explained
WHO recommendations for breastfeeding - Answers Exclusively for 6 months
Continued for 2 years with supplementation/food
How can you be inclusive to trans women (IRT breastfeeding) - Answers Ask about terms used
May want to use "chest feeding"
Risks of not breastfeeding for infant - Answers Increased risk for:
- diarrhea
- ear infections
- chest infections
- GI infection
- asthma
- obesity
- diabetes
- SIDS
Risks of not breastfeeding for mother - Answers Increased risk for:
- postpartum hemorrhage
- ovarian cancer
- breast cancer
- osteoporosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- stress and anxiety
- maternal diabetes
Benefits for breastfeeding - Answers Milk will change with baby's needs
Gives immunity to baby
Nutrients easily absorbed
Increases bonding
Environmental benefits
Free, convenient
Hazards of bottle/formula feeding - Answers Pathogen contamination
Manufacturing errors and warehouse contamination
Adulteration of formula
Phytoestrogens in soy milk
BPA in feeding bottles
When is breastfeeding contraindicated? - Answers When mother is having chemotherapy or radiation
Newborns with galactosemia
Mothers with HTLV
Mothers with active TB
Mothers with active herpes simplex virus on breast
Mothers with HIV (in N.A. - still breastfeed in developing countries)
When is breastfeeding not contraindicated - Answers When mother has Hep C
When mother has positive HBsAg
When mother has fever
When mother is CMV positive
Lactogenesis pathophysiology - Answers Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels trigger release
of prolactin from anterior pituitary
Prolactin prepares breast to secrete milk
Oxytocin stimulates let down reflex
Prolactin produced in response to infant suckling
Supply meets demand system
What does infant suckling trigger? - Answers Hypothalamus to trigger anterior pituitary to produce
prolactin which increases milk production
Hypothalamus to trigger posterior pituitary to produce oxytocin which is responsible for the let down
reflex
Tyoes of human milk - Answers Colostrum: 1-4 days pp; rich in antibodies
Transition milk: 3-5 days pp; milk of colostrum and mature milk
Mature milk: 2 weeks pp
, Foremilk: obtained at beginning of feed; high water content
Hind milk: released after 20 minutes of breastfeeding; high in fat and energy content
Stages of Breast Milk Production (Lactogenesis) - Answers Stage 1: begins 16-18 weeks of gestation
Stage 2: begins with delivery of placenta
Stage 3: mature milk is established (10-14 days pp)
Nutrients in breast milk - Answers Carbs
Fat (40-50% of calories) - important for neurological development and visual function
Protein
Vitamin D - not in human milk, need to supplement
Vitamin K - required for blood coagulation
Vitamin B12 - can be impacted if mom is vegan
Iron - easy to absorb in breast milk
How often should you breastfeed? - Answers Every 2-3 hours
10-12 feedings in 24 hours
How long should you breastfeed for? - Answers 20+ minutes per side to access hind milk
LATCH model - Answers L - latch characteristics (flared lips, chin to breast)
A - audible swallowing
T - type of nipple (everted/flat/inverted)
C - comfort (of mother during feed)
H - holding skills
What % is a normal weight loss in infants? - Answers BPG states 7%
Storing expressed breast milk - Answers 6-8 hours at room temperature
5 days in fridge
2 weeks in freezer
12 months in deep freezer
Treatment for sore nipples - Answers Repositioning
Achieving better latch
Lanolin ointments
Expressing colostrum in nipples and allowing to air dry
What is engorgement of the breasts? - Answers Overly full and congested breasts
Can be painful
Treat by placing warm cloths before feeds, cold compress between feeds, cabbage leafs, frequent
feeds, good latch, analgesics
Mastitis - Answers Infection of the breast
Accompanied with fevered pain, redness
Mastitis treatment - Answers Continue nursing and pump as needed
Antibiotics
Analagesics
Bed rest
Issues with feeding late preterm babies - Answers Have low fat stores, high energy demands
Tend to be sleepy - will only wake for short periods
Can have a weak suck
Supplement with EBM
Formula (Mix types) - Answers powdered: least expensive; 1 scoop/2 oz of water; water needs to be
more than 70 degrees F
concentrated: equal parts formula to water
ready to use: most expensive
Reaction to being a high risk pregnancy depends on... - Answers nature of the risk
perception of danger
nature of the treatment
state at which the pregnancy is identified as high risk
personality structure and defences of the woman
Nursing interventions to help family cope with high-risk pregnancy - Answers check understanding
isolate gaps in knowledge
listen
never assume until explained
