SLCC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS & VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS ALL PASSED LATEST
VERSION
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of
internal balance
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Increased size of cell
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Replacement of one cell type with another that can
better endure stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape
or appearance, precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - CORRECT ANSWER Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - CORRECT ANSWER Highly reactive chemical molecules with an
unpaired electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules >
cell damage; cancers; other disease states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWER cellular oxygen deprivation.
Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood
flow to the tissue > inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER Ca++ is an
important signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up
inside the cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER Causes impaired cell function but NOT
DEATH. Body can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed
in time before cell death results
,Water
Lipids
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - CORRECT ANSWER abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+]
pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular
swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result.
Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed
with dietary changes.
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of
cellular enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane
maintains integrity, cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory
response.
8-10 days - CORRECT ANSWER How long do WBCs live?
3 months - CORRECT ANSWER How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity,
cell contents released into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - CORRECT ANSWER Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened
each replication. When too short cell dies
elasticity - CORRECT ANSWER Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high
blood pressure
Bowel - CORRECT ANSWER Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
,Muscle mass - CORRECT ANSWER Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders,
etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance
subcutaneous fat - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of __________________ ________ due
to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating
temperature, and skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed
for tissue repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - CORRECT ANSWER Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - CORRECT ANSWER Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER Line blood vessels, releases products that
vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood
vessels, control inflammatory mediators
Platelets - CORRECT ANSWER Thrombocytes- responsible for blood
coagulation/clotting. Release over 300 potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER White blood cells, major cellular component of
inflammatory response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - CORRECT ANSWER S.H.A.R.P
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - CORRECT ANSWER Three Granulocytes
Neutrophils
, "New"trophils arrives first for a "new" infection - CORRECT ANSWER Granulocyte
accounts for 60% of WBC, increased ACUTE bacterial infection and first responder
Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWER Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction & parasite
infections
Basophil - CORRECT ANSWER Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction
Lymphocytes and Monocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Two types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Agranulocyte accounting for 30% of WBC, B & T
cells, increased in VIRAL and CHRONIC infection
Monocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Agranulocyte circulating in the bloodstream,
migrates into tissue to become macrophages
T cells - CORRECT ANSWER "Timely" response before b-cells. Produced from
lymphocytes in the thymus gland. Consist of:
-memory
-helper
-killer
-suppressor
-natural killer cells.
Memory T cells - CORRECT ANSWER Remain in lymph nodes for many years after
infection so if same pathogen enters rapid immune response can happen.
Helper t cells - CORRECT ANSWER Activate/regulate T&B cells
Killer t cells - CORRECT ANSWER Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells. Ingests
ANTIGENS via phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells - CORRECT ANSWER Attack abnormal cells such as cancer cells.
These are lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different cell surface
markers than killer T Cells).
Suppressor t cells - CORRECT ANSWER Returns the functioning of the immune
system back to normal after infection. Prevents autoimmunity.
B cells - CORRECT ANSWER Back up response and makes antibodies. Slower
response time the t-cells. Humoral immune response. Produced by lymphocytes in
Bone marrow. Releases antiBodies that activate t-cells. Takes time to make antibodies.
Antigens - CORRECT ANSWER Proteins on cell surface that identify it as foreign or
not. Cell specific. - "antibody genterator" anything that triggers the body to make
antibodies (pollen, toxins, pathogens, etc)
QUESTIONS & VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS ALL PASSED LATEST
VERSION
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of
internal balance
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Increased size of cell
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Replacement of one cell type with another that can
better endure stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape
or appearance, precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - CORRECT ANSWER Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - CORRECT ANSWER Highly reactive chemical molecules with an
unpaired electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules >
cell damage; cancers; other disease states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWER cellular oxygen deprivation.
Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood
flow to the tissue > inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER Ca++ is an
important signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up
inside the cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER Causes impaired cell function but NOT
DEATH. Body can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed
in time before cell death results
,Water
Lipids
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - CORRECT ANSWER abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+]
pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular
swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result.
Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed
with dietary changes.
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of
cellular enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane
maintains integrity, cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory
response.
8-10 days - CORRECT ANSWER How long do WBCs live?
3 months - CORRECT ANSWER How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity,
cell contents released into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - CORRECT ANSWER Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened
each replication. When too short cell dies
elasticity - CORRECT ANSWER Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high
blood pressure
Bowel - CORRECT ANSWER Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
,Muscle mass - CORRECT ANSWER Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders,
etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance
subcutaneous fat - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of __________________ ________ due
to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating
temperature, and skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed
for tissue repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - CORRECT ANSWER Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - CORRECT ANSWER Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER Line blood vessels, releases products that
vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood
vessels, control inflammatory mediators
Platelets - CORRECT ANSWER Thrombocytes- responsible for blood
coagulation/clotting. Release over 300 potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER White blood cells, major cellular component of
inflammatory response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - CORRECT ANSWER S.H.A.R.P
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - CORRECT ANSWER Three Granulocytes
Neutrophils
, "New"trophils arrives first for a "new" infection - CORRECT ANSWER Granulocyte
accounts for 60% of WBC, increased ACUTE bacterial infection and first responder
Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWER Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction & parasite
infections
Basophil - CORRECT ANSWER Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction
Lymphocytes and Monocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Two types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Agranulocyte accounting for 30% of WBC, B & T
cells, increased in VIRAL and CHRONIC infection
Monocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Agranulocyte circulating in the bloodstream,
migrates into tissue to become macrophages
T cells - CORRECT ANSWER "Timely" response before b-cells. Produced from
lymphocytes in the thymus gland. Consist of:
-memory
-helper
-killer
-suppressor
-natural killer cells.
Memory T cells - CORRECT ANSWER Remain in lymph nodes for many years after
infection so if same pathogen enters rapid immune response can happen.
Helper t cells - CORRECT ANSWER Activate/regulate T&B cells
Killer t cells - CORRECT ANSWER Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells. Ingests
ANTIGENS via phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells - CORRECT ANSWER Attack abnormal cells such as cancer cells.
These are lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different cell surface
markers than killer T Cells).
Suppressor t cells - CORRECT ANSWER Returns the functioning of the immune
system back to normal after infection. Prevents autoimmunity.
B cells - CORRECT ANSWER Back up response and makes antibodies. Slower
response time the t-cells. Humoral immune response. Produced by lymphocytes in
Bone marrow. Releases antiBodies that activate t-cells. Takes time to make antibodies.
Antigens - CORRECT ANSWER Proteins on cell surface that identify it as foreign or
not. Cell specific. - "antibody genterator" anything that triggers the body to make
antibodies (pollen, toxins, pathogens, etc)
