ANP 650 MIDTERM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
If someone has aortic stenosis, what heart sound do you expect to hear? ANSWER -
Systolic murmur
Where can you best hear a systolic murmur? ANSWER -Aortic area (2nd intercostal
space)
What happens in the heart during S1? ANSWER -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
What happens during S2 ANSWER -closing of aortic and pulmonic valve
What happens if valves are not closing at the same time? ANSWER -Unequal pressure =
pulmonary HTN
What medication has a high risk for hypoglycemia ANSWER -Sulphonylurea (Glipizide)
What diabetic medication has a high cardiac risk and causes swelling? ANSWER -TZD
(ACTOS - pioglitazone)
Most common 1st line of treatment for DM because of low cost ANSWER -Metformin
(Biguanides)
What type of patients should avoid biguanides? ANSWER -Impaired renal function- leads
to acidosis
What medications are a high risk for hypoglycemia ANSWER -sulphonylurea and insulin
, How can you diagnose DM ANSWER -o 2 readings of HgbA1C (> 6.5)
o Fasting BS (>125)
o Random BS (>200)
Complications of DM ANSWER -- End organ damage
- Ophthalmic issues
- Renal failure
- Stroke
What can cause secondary DM? ANSWER -- Steroids
- Pregnancy
- Hyper- endocrine disorders (cortisol, androgen, thyroid)
Risks secondary to a-fib ANSWER -Stroke and TIA
The two areas of the body at highest risk for a bleed when patients are on anticoagulation
ANSWER -Intracranial and GI
Who cannot be on DOACs (Xarelto, Eliquis)? ANSWER -- Patients with mechanical heart
valves
- Patients with moderate - severe mitral valve stenosis
What type of anti-coagulation are impacted by renal insufficiency? ANSWER -DOACs
How do you dose Warfarin? ANSWER -INR
What tool is used to score a-fib ANSWER -CHA2DS2-VASc Stroke risk scoring system
(CHF, HTN, Age2, DM, Stoke2, Vascular disease, Age, Sex)
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
If someone has aortic stenosis, what heart sound do you expect to hear? ANSWER -
Systolic murmur
Where can you best hear a systolic murmur? ANSWER -Aortic area (2nd intercostal
space)
What happens in the heart during S1? ANSWER -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
What happens during S2 ANSWER -closing of aortic and pulmonic valve
What happens if valves are not closing at the same time? ANSWER -Unequal pressure =
pulmonary HTN
What medication has a high risk for hypoglycemia ANSWER -Sulphonylurea (Glipizide)
What diabetic medication has a high cardiac risk and causes swelling? ANSWER -TZD
(ACTOS - pioglitazone)
Most common 1st line of treatment for DM because of low cost ANSWER -Metformin
(Biguanides)
What type of patients should avoid biguanides? ANSWER -Impaired renal function- leads
to acidosis
What medications are a high risk for hypoglycemia ANSWER -sulphonylurea and insulin
, How can you diagnose DM ANSWER -o 2 readings of HgbA1C (> 6.5)
o Fasting BS (>125)
o Random BS (>200)
Complications of DM ANSWER -- End organ damage
- Ophthalmic issues
- Renal failure
- Stroke
What can cause secondary DM? ANSWER -- Steroids
- Pregnancy
- Hyper- endocrine disorders (cortisol, androgen, thyroid)
Risks secondary to a-fib ANSWER -Stroke and TIA
The two areas of the body at highest risk for a bleed when patients are on anticoagulation
ANSWER -Intracranial and GI
Who cannot be on DOACs (Xarelto, Eliquis)? ANSWER -- Patients with mechanical heart
valves
- Patients with moderate - severe mitral valve stenosis
What type of anti-coagulation are impacted by renal insufficiency? ANSWER -DOACs
How do you dose Warfarin? ANSWER -INR
What tool is used to score a-fib ANSWER -CHA2DS2-VASc Stroke risk scoring system
(CHF, HTN, Age2, DM, Stoke2, Vascular disease, Age, Sex)
