NUR 114 Final Exam Study Guide
,Approximate Question Breakdown:
• Sexuality – 6
• Immunity – 10
• Cellular Regulation – 10
• Perfusion – 11
• EKG Strips (5 step analysis) – 5
• Functional Ability Sensory (Eyes & Ears) – 10
• Functional Ability Elimination – 11
• Growth and Development (L&D) – 10
• Mental Health – 10
• Medical Emergencies – 11
• Math – 6
Exam One: Sexuality/Immunity/Cellular Regulation
Immunity – The body’s ability to resist disease by a state of response to foreign
substances, such as microorganisms.
Types of Immunity:
• Innate
o Present at birth
o First line of defense against pathogens
o Involves a non-specific response, neutrophils and monocytes are
the primary WBCs involved
o Not antigen specific, so it can respond within minutes to
an invading microorganism without prior exposure to that
organism
o Inflammation is part of innate immunity and serves as a barrier
to invasion, inflammation does not always mean infection, but
infection is commonly accompanied by inflammation.
• Active Acquired (Synthesized)
o Developed immunity from invasion of foreign substances
o May result naturally or through vaccination
o Because the antibodies are synthesized, this produces longer lasting
immunity to a specific substance
o With each invasion, the body responds more actively and aggressively
• Passive Acquired (Not Synthesized)
o Developed immunity from received antibodies to an antigen without
synthesizing them
o Immediate immune effect, but short lived
o May take place through a transfer of immunoglobulins across the
placental membrane in a fetus
, o Artificial passive acquired immunity occurs through the
injection of serum antibodies
Antigens – Substances the body
recognizes as foreign that illicit an
immune response. The body’s
unique antigens are human
leukocyte antigens (HLAs) known as
the person’s cellular fingerprint.
Antibodies – Immune globulins
produced by lymphocytes in
response to antigens. Primary
response is evident 4 to 8 days after
initial exposure to antigen.
Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Humoral
o Bacteria
o Viruses (extracellular)
o Respiratory Pathogens
o GI Pathogens
• Cell-Mediated
o Fungus
o Viruses (intracellular)
o Chronic Infectious Agents
o Tumor Cells
Immune Response in Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
⟶ When antigens are introduced into the body, they are carried by the
bloodstream or lymph channels to regional lymph nodes, the antigens
then interact with the B and T lymphocytes and macrophages in the
lymph nodes.
, • Lymph Nodes
o 2 Important Functions of Lymph Nodes:
▪ Filtration of foreign material brought to the site
▪ Circulation of lymphocytes
• Tonsils
o Example of lymphoid tissue
• Spleen
o Important as the primary site for filtering foreign antigens from the blood
o Consists of 2 kinds of tissue:
▪ White pulp containing B and T lymphocytes
▪ Red pulp containing erythrocytes, macrophages line the pulp
and sinuses of the spleen
• Lymphoid Tissue protects the body surface from external microorganisms
(Skin) and is found in the submucosa of the following:
o Gastrointestinal (Gut-Associated)
o Genitourinary (Genital-Associated)
o Respiratory (Bronchial-Associated)
Normal Cells of Immune Response
⟶Provide immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells (viruses and
some forms of bacteria), fungal infections, tumor immunity, and preventing
rejections of transplanted tissues.
⟶Cells involved in immune response include: Mononuclear Phagocytes,
Lymphocytes, Dendritic Cells, Cytokines, Macrophages
• Mononuclear Phagocytes
o CRITICAL role in the immune system
o Include monocytes in the blood and macrophages found throughout the body
o Capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an
immune response. After capture, the macrophage-bound antigen
(highly immunogenic) is presented to circulating T or B lymphocytes
and triggers an immune response.
• Lymphocytes (B, T, and NK’s) – Produced in bone marrow creating long term immunity
o T Cells
▪ Produced in bone marrow and eventually migrate to peripheral organs
▪ Create long term immunity
◆ T Cytotoxic Cells – Attack antigen on cell membrane
◆ T Helper Cells – Regulate cell mediated immunity
O TH1 (Ingest and kill microbes)
O TH2 (Kill parasites and part of allergic response)
o B Cells
,Approximate Question Breakdown:
• Sexuality – 6
• Immunity – 10
• Cellular Regulation – 10
• Perfusion – 11
• EKG Strips (5 step analysis) – 5
• Functional Ability Sensory (Eyes & Ears) – 10
• Functional Ability Elimination – 11
• Growth and Development (L&D) – 10
• Mental Health – 10
• Medical Emergencies – 11
• Math – 6
Exam One: Sexuality/Immunity/Cellular Regulation
Immunity – The body’s ability to resist disease by a state of response to foreign
substances, such as microorganisms.
Types of Immunity:
• Innate
o Present at birth
o First line of defense against pathogens
o Involves a non-specific response, neutrophils and monocytes are
the primary WBCs involved
o Not antigen specific, so it can respond within minutes to
an invading microorganism without prior exposure to that
organism
o Inflammation is part of innate immunity and serves as a barrier
to invasion, inflammation does not always mean infection, but
infection is commonly accompanied by inflammation.
• Active Acquired (Synthesized)
o Developed immunity from invasion of foreign substances
o May result naturally or through vaccination
o Because the antibodies are synthesized, this produces longer lasting
immunity to a specific substance
o With each invasion, the body responds more actively and aggressively
• Passive Acquired (Not Synthesized)
o Developed immunity from received antibodies to an antigen without
synthesizing them
o Immediate immune effect, but short lived
o May take place through a transfer of immunoglobulins across the
placental membrane in a fetus
, o Artificial passive acquired immunity occurs through the
injection of serum antibodies
Antigens – Substances the body
recognizes as foreign that illicit an
immune response. The body’s
unique antigens are human
leukocyte antigens (HLAs) known as
the person’s cellular fingerprint.
Antibodies – Immune globulins
produced by lymphocytes in
response to antigens. Primary
response is evident 4 to 8 days after
initial exposure to antigen.
Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Humoral
o Bacteria
o Viruses (extracellular)
o Respiratory Pathogens
o GI Pathogens
• Cell-Mediated
o Fungus
o Viruses (intracellular)
o Chronic Infectious Agents
o Tumor Cells
Immune Response in Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
⟶ When antigens are introduced into the body, they are carried by the
bloodstream or lymph channels to regional lymph nodes, the antigens
then interact with the B and T lymphocytes and macrophages in the
lymph nodes.
, • Lymph Nodes
o 2 Important Functions of Lymph Nodes:
▪ Filtration of foreign material brought to the site
▪ Circulation of lymphocytes
• Tonsils
o Example of lymphoid tissue
• Spleen
o Important as the primary site for filtering foreign antigens from the blood
o Consists of 2 kinds of tissue:
▪ White pulp containing B and T lymphocytes
▪ Red pulp containing erythrocytes, macrophages line the pulp
and sinuses of the spleen
• Lymphoid Tissue protects the body surface from external microorganisms
(Skin) and is found in the submucosa of the following:
o Gastrointestinal (Gut-Associated)
o Genitourinary (Genital-Associated)
o Respiratory (Bronchial-Associated)
Normal Cells of Immune Response
⟶Provide immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells (viruses and
some forms of bacteria), fungal infections, tumor immunity, and preventing
rejections of transplanted tissues.
⟶Cells involved in immune response include: Mononuclear Phagocytes,
Lymphocytes, Dendritic Cells, Cytokines, Macrophages
• Mononuclear Phagocytes
o CRITICAL role in the immune system
o Include monocytes in the blood and macrophages found throughout the body
o Capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an
immune response. After capture, the macrophage-bound antigen
(highly immunogenic) is presented to circulating T or B lymphocytes
and triggers an immune response.
• Lymphocytes (B, T, and NK’s) – Produced in bone marrow creating long term immunity
o T Cells
▪ Produced in bone marrow and eventually migrate to peripheral organs
▪ Create long term immunity
◆ T Cytotoxic Cells – Attack antigen on cell membrane
◆ T Helper Cells – Regulate cell mediated immunity
O TH1 (Ingest and kill microbes)
O TH2 (Kill parasites and part of allergic response)
o B Cells
